7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

What this session is about

A principled, scientific approach to designing and implementing embedded systems

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

Hardware Components Hardware

Concept

Specification

HW/SW Partitioning

Estimation Exploration

Software Components

Software

Evaluation (area, power, performance, reliability, security, )

Whats an Embedded System?

Embedded systems =
information processing systems that interact with physical processes and are embedded into a larger product

Two types of computing

Desktop produced millions/year Embedded billions/year

Non-Embedded Systems
PCs, servers, and notebooks

The future of computing!

Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation, handheld devices, military, medical equipment

What is an Embedded System ?

An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function & its an FIRMWARE

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

Embedding a computer
output analog

CPU

input

analog

embedded computer

mem

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

Embedded System = Cyber Physical System

Areas
According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as

Disappearing computer, Ubiquitous computing, Pervasive computing, Ambient intelligence, Post-PC era, Cyber-physical systems. Embedded Systems Communication technologies
V.Sathishkumar 9

Basic technologies:

7/13/2012

Extending the motivation: Embedded systems and Ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing: Information anytime, anywhere. Embedded systems provide fundamental technology.
Communication Technology
Optical networking Network management Distributed applications Service provision UMTS, DECT, Hiperlan, ATM Quality of service

Real-time Dependability

Embedded Systems
Robots Multicore processing Control systems Feature extraction and recognition Sensors/actuators A/D-converters

Pervasive/Ubiquitous computing Distributed systems Embedded web systems

7/13/2012 V.Sathishkumar 10

An Example Embedded System

Digital Camera Block Diagram

Components of Embedded Systems

Memory Controllers Interface

Software
(Application Programs)

Coprocessors

Processor

ASIC

Converters

Analog 7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

Digital

12 Analog

Components of Embedded Systems

Analog Components
Sensors, Actuators,

Digital Components
Processor, Coprocessors, Memories, Buses Controllers, Application Specific Hardwares

Converters
Analog-to-Digital (A2D), D2A,

Software
Operating systems Middleware Applications (MPEG-x, GSM-kernel, )
7/13/2012 V.Sathishkumar 13

Automotive Electronics Platform Example

V.Sathishkumar

Automotive Electronics Market Size

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Cost of Electronics / Car ($)

0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Market 8.9 ($billions)

10.5

13.1

14.1

15.8

17.4

19.3

21.0

90% of future innovations in vehicles: based on electronic embedded systems

Toyota Autonomous Vehicle Technology Roadmap

What can go wrong: BMW 745i

2, 000, 000 LOC Windows CE OS 53 8-bit P 11 32-bit P 7 16-bit P Multiple Networks Buggy!
improper synchronization between two digital electronic control units would stall the engine and lead to a catastrophic accident in some cases

Recent Toyota break/acceleration fiasco

BMW 850i, contd.

sensor sensor

brake

brake

ABS

hydraulic pump brake

brake

sensor
7/13/2012 V.Sathishkumar

sensor
18

Digital Convergence Mobile Example

Communication

Entertainment

Computing

Broadcasting

Imaging

Telematics

One device, multiple functions Center of ubiquitous media network Smart mobile device: next drive for semicon. Industry
V.Sathishkumar 19

7/13/2012

Mobile graphics/games
Resolution today ~176x208 480x320
In Japan, QVGA (320x240) is the norm Nokia series 90 is 640x320; Nokia N93 is 320x200 Sony Ericsson S700i, M600i, K800i: 240x320 IPhone, IPod Touch is 480x320
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 Millions of units
Jon Peddie Research

Handheld Multimedia Devices report MM phones Non 3D MM phones Native API based phones

Latest IPhone 4 has 960x640

200

To 1024x768 and beyond in the future

7/13/2012

100 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

V.Sathishkumar

20

Device Shrinkage: Macs

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

21

Growing Importancedriven world in which of ES .. embedded chips form the backbone of the electronics
we live ... they are part of almost everything that runs on electricity [Mary Ryan, EEDesign, 1995]
the global mobile entertainment industry is now worth some $32 blnpredicting average revenue growth of 28% for 2010 [www.itfacts.biz, July 8th, 2009]
Spending on GPS units exceeded $100 mln during Thanksgiving week, up 237% from 2006 More people bought GPS units than bought PCs, NPD found. [www.itfacts.biz, Dec. 6th, 2007] , the market for remote home health monitoring is expected to generate $225 mln revenue in 2011, up from less than $70 mln in 2006, according to Parks Associates. . [www.itfacts.biz, Sep. 4th, 2007] Accessing the Internet via a mobile device up by 82% in the US, by 49% in Europe, from May 2007 to May 2008 [www.itfacts.biz, July 29th, 2008]

The future is embedded Embedded is the future!

7/13/2012

Foundation for the postV.Sathishkumar PC era

22

 Application Specific

Characteristics

Applications are known a priori Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance

Digital Signal Processing

Signals are represented digitally

Reactive
Reacts to changes in the systems environment

Real-time
Compute certain tasks before deadline

Distributed, Networked,
7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

23

Characteristics
Reliability
Probability of system working correctly provided that is was working at t=0

Maintainability
Probability of system working correctly d time units after error occurred.

Safety
Not harmful for user

Security
Confidential and authentic communication
7/13/2012 V.Sathishkumar 24

Real-Time Systems
A systems where correctness depends on logical results and the time the results are produced
Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human loss Mission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed mission

V.Sathishkumar J.A. Stankovic et al. Strategic Directions in Real-Time and 7/13/2012

25

Popular Embedded Application ICS212 Lecture 2 Domains

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

26

Aerospace
Flight control
Stability: real-time differential feedback loops

Positioning & navigation

GPS, INS

Instrumentation
Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

Radar Communication

Automobiles
Engine management
Fuel, ignition, timing

Emission control Instrumentation

Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

Safety & stability

Airbags, active control

Entertainment & comfort

Radio, A/C,

Robotics
Implies autonomous operation N physical degree of freedom Artificial intelligence Control heavy Mission oriented
Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks

Process Control

Industrial automation Plant monitoring and production control Similar to control systems but with emphasis on management

Sensor Nets
Many sensor nodes each capable of sensing, computation/storage, and communication
Structure safety Search and rescue Military use

Energy Efficient Distributed

Modern Sensor Nodes

UC Berkeley: COTS Dust UC Berkeley: COTS Dust UC Berkeley: Smart Dust

UCLA: WINS

Rockwell: W INS

JPL: Sensor W ebs

Multimedia
An exercise in
Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversion Information theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression Images, audio, video

Virtual Reality Quality of service Think lots of data (formats and standards too)!

Consumer Electronics
Home appliances
Yesterdays appliances: add computation Tomorrows appliances: add networking (Internet)

Office electronics
Integration Electronic paper (filing, printing, sending, and receiving)

Home/office automation
Common fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort

Network Components
Stitching LANs
Bridge
Connects two parts of the same network

Router
Link networks using different network identities

Extending ports
Switch
Transmit to recipient only

Hub
Transmit to all

Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transformation

Medical Instruments
Perform diagnosis (screening/evaluation)
Data collection Appraisal of that data Developing a plan of action

Observation or monitoring
Sensing and instrumentation
Accuracy and precision

Other applications:
Radiation therapy Artificial hearts, arms, legs,

E-Business
Information processing systems
ATM Cash registers Scanners Credit-card readers

Often the interface behind a database Automation and convenience

Bomb Detection & Localization

Stadium with Sensors Deployed Automatic Camera Feed Guard moves with an XSM Mote, tracked by RIPS technology

Google Earth Illustration of Localization System

~12 Static XSM Motes (positions known )

Architecture

Rad detector, mobile phone mote

Mote network

Tracking service and user interface

Rad level servlet and camera glue code Nextel/ Internet

Internet

VGA to NTSC adapter

Camera control node (Linux)

Jumbotron controller

Summary of Application Domains

Looked at a number of application domains Large amount of overlap between these domains

Often each domain has associated standards, design methodologies, and certification programs

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

39

Embedded System Design Challenges

Low cost

Mixed digital/analog requirements

Light weight
Reliability

Shrinking time-to-market
Short product lifetime Real-time processing Inherent concurrency HW/SW co-design Secure

Low power
Portable

Complexity
Ease of use

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

40

High-end: Embedded Processors!

1,000,000,000 100,000,000
Sony Graphic Synthesizer IBM Power4 NVIDIA NV30 GPU NVIDIA NV25 GPU Sony Graphic Synthesizer Intel Pentium 4 Intel Pentium III Intel Pentium II IntelPentium NVIDIA NV40

10,000,000 Number of Transistors 1,000,000

Intel286 Intel8086 Intel 486 Intel 386

100,000 10,000
Intel8080

NVIDIA NV20 GPU Motorola G4 AMD Athlon XP Intel Centrino NVIDIA NV35 GPU ATI Radeon X800

1000
7/13/2012

Intel 4004

Intel8008

1970

1975

1980

1985

V.Sathishkumar

1990 1995

2000

2005

41

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

42

Embedded programming

Do You Need to Know This Stuff ?

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

43

Computer Engineers You will build and oversee the building of these systems
All close to he hardware code resembles this The concern for correctness and predictability of embedded systems code is simply a more critical form of what we want for all code

Electrical Engineers You will build and oversee the building of these systems.
You have to work with the computer guys You have to be able to talk to them You may have to teach them You may have to take over for them

Computer scientists youll know to do this or only work on web applications (and the like)
7/13/2012 V.Sathishkumar 44

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

45

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

46

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

47

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

48

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

49

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

50

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

51

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

52

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

53

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

54

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

55

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

56

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

57

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

58

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

59

7/13/2012

V.Sathishkumar

60