Welcome to all of you to world of TELECOM "by

Welcome to all of you to world of TELECOM "by

Detailed Tropic discussed in this chapter CW Testing Model Tuning Antenna 1. Isotropic Antenna 2. Dipole Antenna RF Planning 1. Coverage planning 2. Capacity planning 3. Highway Planning 4. City planning Planning Tool Asset Planning Tool

Please introduce yourself as per guidelines below: Name Qualification Professional Experience in years/months (if applicable) Name of the previous company (if applicable) Tenure in previous company (if applicable) Name of the Institute/University Year of passing What is your AIM in life Expectations from this company Expectations from this course

Decorum of the course to be maintained by: Keeping your mobiles in Switched-off or Silent mode. Doing one discussion at a time. Following the timings strictly as per schedule for Breaks. Making the course interactive by asking questions and by giving suggestions.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macro cellular and Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.

The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue potential whilst maintaining a high level of system quality.

Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation limitations.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added economically when traffic demand increases.

As every urban environment is different, so is every macro cell and micro cell network. Hence accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the system will provide both the increased capacity and the improvement in network quality where required, especially when deploying Microcellular systems.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process.

By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problems that we may encounter in the future and also reduce substantially the cost of optimization.

On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network problems but it also increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired quality.

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be summarised as follows : To help the operator to identify their RF design requirement Optional Discuss and agree RF design parameters, assumptions and objectives with the customer Coverage requirement Traffic requirement Various level of design (ROM to detail RF design) Comparative Analysis Issuing of search ring Cand. assessment Site survey, design, approval Drive test (optional)

Site Realization

RF Design requirement RF Design Implementation RF Design Frequency plan Neighbour list RF OMC data Optimisation

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
This is an optional step This is intended to : Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement, e.g. where their network should be built For the comparative analysis, we would need to : Identify all network that are competitors to the customer Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of interest Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the competitors have service

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The result of the analysis should include : For an existing operator All problems encountered in the customers network All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor does Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems For a new operator Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network Problem encountered in the competitors network

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
The RF design inputs can be divided into : Coverage requirements Target coverage areas Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be marked geographically Coverage area probability Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars Capacity requirements Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS Network capacity Growth plan - Coverage and Capacity

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be included in the RF design Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any Quality of Network (C/I values) Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)

INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING

RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the : Capacity requirement Coverage requirement For the RF Coverage Design CW Drive Testing Digitized Databases Customer Requirements

Propagation Model

RF Coverage Design

Link Budget

TOOLS USED FOR RF PLANNING

Network Planning Tool

CW Propagation Tool

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

INTRODUCTION
Drive test types

Predesign drive test

Post design drive test

Predesign drive test for measurement integration

This is at beginning of design when no site has been built or even selected. All test sites are temporary.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Drive test is performed mostly for characterization of propagation and fading effects in the channel. The object is to collect field data to optimize and adjust the prediction model for preliminary simulations. Post design drive test for site verification / optimization

Drive test is performed to verify if they meet the coverage objectives.

Overlaps are checked for hand-offs.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

INTRODUCTION

In field measurement we have to collect variations due to propagation and slow fading. The received signals are typically sampled and averaged over spatial windows called bins. There are several sampling issues to be considered like Sampling rate Averaging window Number of bins to be measured

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

SAMPLING CRITEREA
When measuring the RF signal strength certain sampling criteria must be met to eliminate the short-term fading components from the long-term component ( I.e. log normal fading )

The RF signal strength measurements must be taken over a radio path or mobile path distance interval of 40, where is the wavelength of the RF signal.

If the distance interval is too short, the short term variation cannot be smoothed out and will affect the local mean.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

If the distance interval is too long, the averaged output cannot represent the local mean since it washes out the detailed signal changes due to the terrain variations.

The number of RF measurements taken within the 40 distance should be greater than 50. Depending on the speed of the vehicle during the drive test, the sampling interval in time is selected. Measurements have to be stopped whenever the vehicle is not moving.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

SAMPLING CRITEREA
f = 1900MHZ, then = 3 * 108 / 1900 * 106 = 0.158 m 40 = 40 * 0.158 = 6.32 m 50 measurements must be recorded every 6.32m or 1 measurement every 0.1264m The conversion from sampling distance to mobile velocity can be done as follows minimum sampling rate ( per second ) = v / (0.1264 m/sample) If velocity of vehicle is 50 kph then Sampling rate( per second ) = (50000/ 3600) / 0.1264 = 110 samples / sec TEMS kit cannot be used for this purpose as it can report RF signal strength measurements at a maximum rate of 1 sample per second If

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

WINDOW SIZE
In field measurements the interest is on local averages of received signals.

The size of averaging window have to be small enough to capture slow variations due to shadowing and large enough to average out the fast variations due to multipath. A typical range is 20 to 1500 m. The bin size is typically selected in 40 to 1500m, i.e. all measurements in this size square are averaged to one value. Normally the post processing tool takes care of averaging the collected data over different bins.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

NUMBER OF BINS
Bin

The predicted and measured signal strengths for all bins within the drive route is compared and the best set of correction factors to minimize the prediction errors is determined. All the bins within the coverage area cannot be drive tested. So a large enough sample set should be considered. The more the number of bins, the larger the confidence level of results. Generally for acceptable confidence at least 300 to 400 bins have to be considered.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

PROPAGATION KIT
The propagation test kit consists of
Test transmitter. Antenna ( generally Omni ). Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law. A laptop to collect data. A GPS to get latitude and longitude. Cables and accessories. Wattmeter to check VSWR. Receiver Antenna Transmit Antenna
GPS Antenna

Transmitter

RECEIVER LAPTOP

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

The propagation test kit consists of

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TRANSMITTER SETUP
If the propagation test is being done for model tuning to produce a generic model for macro cells, then a high point in the particular area has to be selected. The transmitter and the transmit antenna will be placed at this point (say the roof of the building ). The transmit antenna is connected to the transmitter via a RF cable. Check to see that the cable is connected properly and tight. Loosely connected or faulty cable can increase the VSWR. A test frequency has to selected from the frequency band allocated to the operator. Set the transmitter to this test frequency.

TEST TRANSMITTER

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TEST SITE SELECTION
Site selection is based on a number of criteria. It may not be possible to satisfy all these criteria at the same time, but it is important to select the best sites available.

Drive test sites should be selected to give a good representative sample of the system coverage area. The exact number of sites required will depend on the size of the system coverage area and the variability of the characteristics of the coverage area.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

All terrain and clutter types in the area should be represented in the drive test data for proper prediction tuning.

Typical terrain types are: Flat, Rolling Hills, Large Hills, Mountains Typical clutter types are: Water, Open Land, Forest, Commercial / Industrial, Low Density Urban, Medium Density Urban, High Density Urban, City Center, Airport.

City maps, topographical maps and aerial photographs can be useful in determining the terrain and clutter types for an area. It may also be necessary to drive the area and observe building types and density.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TEST SITE SELECTION
Site Availability

Test sites must be available for use during the drive test.

The site owner/supervisor should approve access to the site for as long as needed to complete the testing. This may involve multiple visits to the site, possibly on short notice.

Test sites must also be physically accessible to allow setup of the transmitter equipment and mounting of the antenna. For this reason building top sites are preferred to tower sites.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Site Visit

Each site selected should be visited before testing to verify that is suitable for use.

The inspection should be done by the same people who will be doing the site setup for the actual drive test. Familiarity with the site should speed up the site setup during the drive test.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

BUILDING SITE SELECTION

When inspecting a building site the rooftop should be checked for any obstructions that would interfere with signal propagation. This could include objects on the rooftop itself or other nearby buildings or structures. The antenna location should be selected and a sketch of the rooftop made to identify this location relative to other objects nearby. Photographs should be taken of the location where the antenna will be mounted and in all directions looking away from the site.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

BUILDING SITE SELECTION

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TOWER SITE SELECTION

When inspecting a tower site the best location to mount the antenna to the tower must be deter-mined. This should be selected such that the tower doesnt interfere with the propagation pattern of the transmit antenna. This will usually require that the antenna be above the tower or on an arm extending from the side of the tower. The area around the tower should be checked for any obstructions that would interfere with signal propagation.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

Generally cranes are used for temporary structure. When cranes are used power generators have to be arranged in advance. The location should be selected such that the antenna will be above any nearby obstacles.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

DRIVE TEST PLAN
Each drive route should be marked on a detailed road map showing the exact route to be driven.

These maps should be used during the actual drive for navigation of the test vehicle.

They can also be used during the drive test

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

verification to check that the positioning information in the drive test file is correct.

A separate map should be prepared for each route.

Both line of site (LOS) and non-LOS points have to be included in the drive test.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

The data collected should represent typical coverage scenarios.

In urban area the effect of street orientations have to be considered.

The selection of drive test route should be based on the terrain variations, Major highways and throughfares, potential shadowing areas and handoff region.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

DRIVE TEST PROCEDURE
The actual dive test must be performed carefully to insure that the data collected is accurate.

It is important that all equipment used be tested and all setup information be recorded.

If any of the procedures are not followed or any of the data is not properly recorded then the drive test data will not be usable and the drive will have to be repeated.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

Engineer should study the drive test plan ahead of time and highlight the intended drive test routes.

For each drive test a team of two people should get involved.

The measurement process should be stopped the car stops ( eg near traffic lights) or whenever the sampling and measurements look suspect.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

DRIVE TEST OUTPUT
Lat X1 X1 X1 Long Y1 Y1 Y1 RSSI M1 M1 M1 Freq F F F

The result of drive test is a collection of data files which has lat, long, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) at that point and the frequency. The location information ( lat, long ) is used by the post processing tools as a reference of correlation between the measured vs. predicted signal levels for measurement integration. This file has to be transferred onto the planning tool either by a floppy or by data transfer using LAN.

DRIVE TEST FOR C.W. TESTING

DRIVE TESTOUTPUT

Model Tunning

Model Tunning
Model Tuning On Asset version 6.1

Model Tunning
Model Tunning
Models are used to predict path loss. Different models are used for different purpose. Eg:- Rural Macro-cell -Okumura hata model, Micro cells - Ray tracing Models have to be tuned using data collected by drive testing. Good propagation tool + Sound engineering ingenuity = Sound RF design. Some of the popular prediction models are Okumura hata, Walfisch Ikegemi, COST231, Ray tracing etc.

Model Tunning
Okumura Hata Model
This is used for Macro cell modeling.

It has become the most popular propagation model for mobile environments.

It is best applicable for cell ranges of 5 to 20 kms.

Model Tunning
Below a range of 1 km it becomes very unreliable since obstacles in the close vicinity of receiver and transmitter become the dominant scattering influences which are not taken into account in the formula.

Path loss = K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(Heff) + K4 * Diff + K5log(Heff)log(d) + K6log(Hmeff) +K7log(f) + Kmorphology

Model Tunning
K1 - 1Km intercept value. Upto this point model assumes free space loss K2 - Slope value K3 - Effective height coefficient K4 - Coefficient for diffraction calculation K5 - Hata model multiplier K6 - Multiplier for mobile height K7 - factor for frequency

Model Tunning
model has four main parameters: Building separation (in meters) (b) : It is the distance between the centre of two buildings.

Average building height (h) : This is the average height of all buildings in the cells coverage area.

Road width (w) Road orientation angle ( )

Model Tunning
d

h w b

Walfish Ikegami Model

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Propagation models use clutter and terrain data to predict cell coverage at a site. However usually the terrain and clutter data available from the maps are not perfect.

This means that the actual cell coverage could be different from the predicted cell coverage. This could in turn result in wrong cell designing.

To avoid this model tuning is done.

Model Tunning
In model tuning data collected from the propagation test is loaded on the planning tool.

This data represents the real life condition cell coverage.

The prediction for that cell is then done using the same conditions as were for the propagation tests (i.e. using the same antenna type, same height of the antenna at the site, same downtilts, same transmit power etc.

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Ideally both the propagation test cell coverage and the predicted cell coverage should match.

If they match then the model does not require to be tuned.

If the models do not match then the certain parameters in the propagation model equation are altered so that they both match.

Model Tunning
Once both the cell coverage match the model is then said to be tuned.

Now the actual antenna type, height of antenna, transmit power are used and prediction done.

This prediction can then be assumed to be correct.

Cell designing is then done using this prediction.

Model Tunning
MODEL TUNING
Ideally model tuning needs to be done for all the sites. However in many cases , the Network is divided into different clutter types (around 7 to 8) (e.g. urban, dense urban, semi urban, rural etc.) and models are tuned for each clutter types. The sites are then categorized in these clutter types and then fitted in the model tuned for that clutter type. This method though not perfect is widely accepted and saves lot of time and money for the operator.

You must have an existing project with map data and with CW sites. In the below mentioned slide there are total three sites for tuning.

Import the antenna file and see the pattern of Omni antenna.

Make the Feeder cable from Equipment > Click on Feeder

Right click on the specific project > click New Feeder

Give feeder Name (Say XYZ) in Part ID and click on close

Update the site database for antenna , model and feeder type

Making a reference Model From Configuration > Propagation Model

Propagation Model Window will pop up > click Add > select any reference model(Say standard Macrocell 3) > Click Add

(Say 1900)> click View/Edit Model Parameter

Fill the relative information (say Frequency) in general tab

Fill K-values information from user guide

Choose Effective antenna height algorithm (say Relative)

Choose Diffraction calculation Method (say Epstein Peterson)

Initial through clutter losses and clutter offsets will be 0. No need to fill the value in this tab

Importing the CW Drive test file From Tools > Click Measurements

Measurement toolbox will open > Click Add in cell associate measurement > Browse Header(.hd) file > click open

Importing of drive file will take few minutes

If header file and site database information are same then loading will ask for the association of drive data with cell > Click OK

Click on Load Associated

Similarly Import the other drive (Signia) files

Model Analysis Select the particular measurements>click Individual > Model Analysis Tool Box will pop up > In Model tab, Fill the required information > Select the Model

In filter tab > Give distance filtering > Rx Level Filtering > Clutter filtering > Polygon Filtering

For Polygon Filtering you must have measurement analysis > Check Measurement Signal > View the drive data in 2D view with sites > Click on Create new vector from 2D menu > Give vector name (Say 1900)> Select polygon shape > make polygon for the bad drive samples > Save all vectors

Now if you want to use polygon filtering > Check Use Exclusion Polygons box > Click Select polygons > check the specific polygon > click on Apply

Polygon Selected will show you the no of Exclusion polygons > click OK

Model Analysis box will pop up > Select all the measurement > click Composite. This will give combine values. You can also do the analysis for individual drive data

After the completion of composite analysis this will give you the values as slide is showing

You can also view the analysis report from here > Click View Report > Analysis will run

After the completion of analysis an option box will pop up > choose the desired options > Click OK

Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria.Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8

Analysis report will generate (See the below mentioned specimen) In this case You can see that mean error & Std. Dev is not matching with exact criteria. Actually mean value should be 0 and Std. Dev should be less or equal to 8. After tuning the value of K1, K2 and K7 we will get the exact report as given

Auto Tuning After Analysis you need to do the tuning for improved results. Select the measurements > Click Auto Tune

Initialization of Auto tuning will take few minutes

Model Calibration Utility box will pop up. This will show you the reference model K-value. Also at the moment Through clutter losses are 0. You can see the same from; Clutter > View/set Through clutter parameters

auto tuning you can fix or open the clutter losses values. In the below mentioned slide all clutter loss values are open.

Before going to Auto tuning you can also fix or open the K-values. For eg. In the below mentioned slide K2 is open while others are fix. For Auto Tuning Go to Tools> Auto Tune

Auto Tuning will take Few Minutes time

Auto Tuning will give you new k and clutter values. If you want to apply the new values go to Tools > Apply New parameters

You also can see the new clutter losses values

This will complete the Auto Tuning Process. Now From File > Click Exit

See the tuned values from Configuration >Propagation Model> Select Specific Model > View/Edit model Parameters > Path loss tab and then > Clutter tab

Antenna

BASIC INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNA

What is antenna? An antenna is the converter between cable bounded electromagnetic waves and free space waves.

ANTENNA INSTALLATION
Antenna installation configurations depend on the operators preferences. It is important to keep sufficient decoupling distances between antennas. If TX and RX direction use separated antennas, it is advisable to keep a horizontal separation between the antennas in order to reduce the TX signal power at the RX input stages.

Antennas for GSM System

Antennas for GSM System

Antennas for GSM System

Base station antenna specification and meanings Antenna types and trends

(Technical Data)

B l a bh l a h b l a bh l a h

Electrical properties
Operation Frequency Band Input impedance VSWR Polarization Gain Radiation Pattern Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth Downtilt Front/back ratio Sidelobe suppression and null filling Power capability 3rd order Intermodulation Insulation

Mechanical properties
Size Weight Radome material Appearance and color Working temperature Storage termperature Windload Connector types Package Size Lightening

Electrical properties

Dipoles
Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength Dipole

1800MHz 900MHz

166mm 333mm

 (received power) 1mW

1 dipole

Multiple dipole matrix

Received power 4 mW

GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Antenna (Overlook

Omnidirectional array Received power 1mW

Sector antenna Received power 8mW

Gain=10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi

Frequency Range
GSM 900 : 890-960MHz GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz GSM dual band : 890-960MHz & 1710-1880MHz eg.824-960MHz 1710-1900MHz

Optimum 1/2 wavelength for dipole at 925MHz

at 890 MHz

at 960 MHz Antenna Dipole

BANDWIDTH = 960 - 890 = 70MHz

Impedance
50

Antenna Cable 50 ohms 50 ohms

VSWR

Forward: 10W 50 ohms Backward: 0.5W 80 ohms 9.5 W

Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

 <1.5 =(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1) RL=-20lg

Polarization

Vertical

Horizontal

+ 45degree slant

- 45degree slant

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)

Slant (+/- 45)

 Linear, vertical 45 dual linear 45 slant

GAIN

G =4 U /PA G= GA/ GA0 dBd 0 dBd= 2.15 dBi

dBi

dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source (lossless radiator)

2.15dB

eg: Dipole

0dBd = 2.15dBi

Pattern :-

Beamwidth

3dB Beamwidth Peak 3dB 60 (eg) Pea k Peak 3dB

10dB Beamwidth Peak 10dB 120 (eg) Pea k Peak 10dB

3dB 3dB Beam width Horizontal

Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360

3dB 3dB Beam width Horizontal

Directional Omni-directional

Down Tilt

Mechanical down tilt

Fixed electronic down tilt

Adjustable electronic down tilt

Demonstration of Electronic Down-tilt

 Non down tilt

Electronic downtilt

Mechanical downtilt

(Electronic and mechanical down tilt)

Front to Back Ratio

Ratio of maximum main lobe to maximum side lobe

Back power F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically 25dB

Front power

Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill

Side lobe

In (dB)

In (dB)

Mechanical properties

Mast

Mast diameter 45-90mm

(Antenna Types and Development )

(Antenna Types)
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800 By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear polarization, circle polarization By pattern: By down-tilt: Omni-directional, directional Non, mechanical, electronic adjustment, remote control By function: Transmission, receiving, transceiving

ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS

870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz Extended band option with 806-960MHz Dual slant 45 polarisation 65 horizontal beamwidth Band independent Teletilt control 17dBi gain in both bands Diplexed or Non-Diplexed versions Mechanical downtilt mounting option

7/8 MAIN FEEDER

1/2 JUMPER CABLE

Planning

Coverage Planning Strategies

Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site configurations, antennas and cables is the core of the coverage planning strategy. The right choice will provide cost savings and guarantees smooth network evolution.

3 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 7 4 2 3 5 1 2 7 4 2 7 6 5 1 4 7 3 6 6 5 1 4 2 7 7 3 6 5 1 4 4 2 7 3 6 6 5 1 4 3 6

Some typical configurations are: 3-sector sites for (sub) urban areas 2-sector sites for road coverage

 These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on a careful analysis Cell Range and Coverage Area

For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.

Network Planning Tool:Network Planning Tool: Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by providing an accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning automatically, creating neighbor lists etc. With a database that takes into account data such as terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation patterns, as well as an intuitive graphical interface, the Planning tool gives RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to: Design wireless networks Plan network expansions Optimize network performance Diagnose system problems

 The major tools available in the market are Planet, Asset, Net-Act, Cell Cad.

Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of their own like Net plan by Motorola, TCPU by Ericsson and so on.

Propagation Test Kit

Propagation Test Kit
The propagation test kit consists of

Test transmitter. Antenna ( generally Omni ). Receiver to scan the RSS (Received signal levels). The receiver scanning rate should be settable so that it satisfies Lees law. A laptop to collect data. A GPS to get latitude and longitude. Cables and accessories. Site Master to check VSWR.

 A single frequency is transmitted a predetermined power level from the candidate site.

These transmitted power levels are then measured and collected by the Drive test kit. This data is then loaded on the Planning tool and used for tuning models.

Commonly Graysons or BVS test kits are used.

RF Network Design
COVERAGE PLANNING

Frequency Bands
GSM-900
The term GSM-900 is used for any GSM system which operates in any 900 MHz band. P-GSM-900 P-GSM-900 band is the primary band for GSM-900 Frequency band for primary GSM-900 (P-GSM-900) : 2 x 25 MHz 890 915 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 935 960 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink) E-GSM-900 In some countries, GSM-900 is allowed to operate in part or in all of the following extension band. E-GSM-900 (Extended GSM900) band includes the primary band (P-GSM-900) and the extension band : 880 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 925 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

Frequency Bands
R-GSM-900
R-GSM-900 (Railway GSM-900) band includes the primary band (PGSM-900) and the following extension band: 876 890 MHz for MS to BTS (uplink) 921 935 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

GSM-1800
Frequency band: 2 x 75 MHz 1710 1785 MHz for MS to BTs (uplink) 1805 1880 MHz for BTS to MS (downlink)

Carrier Spacing and Channel Structure

Channel number the carrier frequency is designated by the
absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN). The frequency value of the carrier n in the lower band is called FL (n) while FU (n) is the corresponding frequency value in the upper band. Frequencies are in MHz P-GSM-900:

FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 n FU (n) = FL (n) + 45

E-GSM-900:

with 1 < n < 124

FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x n with 1 < n < 124 FL (n) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024) FU (n) = FL (n) + 45 with 975 < n < 1024

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality

Providing coverage is usually considered as the first and most important activity of a new cellular operator. For a while, every network is indeed coverage driven. However, the coverage is not the only thing. It provides the means of service and should meet certain quality measures.

The starting point is a set of coverage quality requirements.

To guarantee a good quality in both uplink and downlink direction, the power levels of BTS and MS should be in balance at the edge of a cell. Main output results of the power link budgets are: Maximum path loss that can be tolerated between the MS and the BTS Maximum output power level of the BTS transmitter.

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality

These values are calculated as a function of design constraints: BTS and MS receiver sensitivity levels MS output power level Antenna gain Diversity reception Losses in combiners, cables, etc.

Coverage, Capacity, and Quality

The cell ranges are derived with propagation loss formulas such as Okumura-Hata, using inputs of maximum path loss, differences in the operating environments and the quality targets in different cell ranges.

The traffic capacity requirements have to be combined with the coverage requirements, by allocating frequencies. This also may have impact on the cell range.

Coverage Planning Strategies

The selection of site configurations, antennas and cables is the core of the coverage planning strategy. The right choice will provide cost savings and guarantees smooth network evolution. Some typical configurations are:

3-sector sites for (sub)urban areas 2-sector sites for road coverage omni sites for rural areas

Coverage Planning Strategies

These are not the ultimate solutions, decisions should be based on a careful analysis

Cell Range and Coverage Area For any site configuration, the cell ranges can be determined given the equipment losses and gains. The site coverage areas can be calculated then and these will lead to the required number of sites for a given coverage region. This makes it possible to estimate the cost, e.g. per km2, to be used for strategic decisions.

Methodology
Define design rules and parameters

Identify design rules to meet coverage and capacity targets efficiently Acquire software tools and databases Calibrate propagation models from measurements Clear statement of coverage requirements (roll out and quality) Forecast traffic demand and distribution Test business plan for different roll out scenarios and quality levels

Set performance targets

Methodology
Design nominal plan

Use computer tool to place sites to meet coverage and capacity targets Verify feasibility of meeting service requirements Ensure a frequency plan can be made for the design Estimate equipment requirements and costs Develop implementation and resource plans (including personnel requirements) Radio plan will provide input to fixed network planning

Nominal RF Design
Link Budget Maximum path loss Site radius Typical site configuration
Transmit Power Antenna configuration (type, height, azimuth) Site type (sector, omni) Standard hexagon site layout Friendly, candidate sites Initial site survey inputs

Propagation model

Coverage requirements

Traffic requirements

Nominal RF Design (coverage)

Recalculate the site radius using the number of sites from the traffic requirement Repeat the nominal RF design

Coverage site count Traffic site count Traffic > Cov. Cov. > Traffic

Traffic requirements

Nominal site count

Methodology
Implement cell plan

Identify physical site locations near to nominal or theoretical locations, using search areas. Modify nominal design as theoretical sites are replaced with physical sites Modify search areas in accordance with evolving network.

Produce frequency plan

Fixed cluster configuration, can be done manually. Flexible, based on interference matrix using an automatic tool.

Methodology
Optimizing the network

Expand the network

In line with the roll out requirement In line with the forecasted traffic level Improve the coverage quality Maintain the blocking performance

Fade Margin
The concept of a fade margin is to reserve extra signal power to overcome potential fading. Assume :

The mobile radio system needs an signal level of Pr dBm at the receiver The maximum likely fade (loss) is calculated to be L(fade) dB

The a received signal level of Pr dBm can be ensured by transmitting enough power for a normal received signal level of (Pr + L(fade)) dBm

Fade Margin
The fade margin is normally equal to the maximum expected fade or to a smaller value. The value is chosen in such a way that the threshold value is undershot in only a low percentage of time.

For this purpose, it is necessary to know the probability density function of the fading.

In RF planning, the impact of Rayleigh fading is taken into account by implementing an extra fade margin of 8 dB.

Multipath Propagation
The radio wave may be reflected, from a hill, a building, a truck, an aeroplane or a discontinuity in the atmosphere. In some cases, the reflected signal is significantly attenuated, while in others almost all the radio energy is reflected and very little absorbed. The result is that not one but many different paths are followed between the transmitter and receiver. This is known as Multipath Propagation

Multipath Propagation

Building

Building Building

Multipath Propagation
Reflection and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative effects :-

Coverage extension Multipath propagation allows radio signal to reach behind hills and buildings and into tunnels The latter effect is known as ducting

Multipath Propagation
Constructive and destructive interference The interference due to multipath propagation manifest itself in the following 3 most important ways: Random phase shift creates rapid fluctuations in the signal strength known as Rayleigh fading A delay spread in the received signal causes each symbol to overlap with adjacent symbols : intersymbol interference Random frequency modulation due to different doppler shifts on different paths

Propagation Modeling
Statistical propagation models These calculate a median signal for each pixel. The level within this pixel varies about the median in a way that can only be analysed statistically. Local mean signal levels are distributed around the pixel median with a log-normal probability distribution. Formulas derived from measurements (e.g. Okumura-Hata). No obstacles assumed to be close to the BTS antenna. Deterministic propagation models Take into account individual buildings and use ray tracing techniques. Make use of high resolution map data (at least 10m).

Cellular Architecture
The essential principles of the cellular architectures are :-

Low power transmitters with antenna heights between 20 50 m Small coverage zones (cells), typical macro cell radius 3 30 km Frequency reuse (factor n = 3, 4, 7 ... ) Cell splitting to increase local capacity Micro and Pico cells act as patches for hot spots, tunnels and buildings

Balance is to be found between conflicting requirements of :

Coverage Traffic capacity

Cell Clustering
Frequency reuse is the core concept of the cellular mobile radio system, given the fact that the number of allowed frequencies is fixed. A frequency can be reused simultaneously in different cells, provided that the cells using the same frequency set are far enough separated so that co-channel interference is kept at an acceptable level most of the time.

The total frequency spectrum allocation can be divided into K frequency reuse patterns.

Cell Types
The 2 main cell types are :-

Omni cells : Coverage is in principle a circle, but in reality a rough pattern Sector cells : 2 sectors (e.g. for highways) 3 sectors Cell Coverage Area
Omni cell (Hexagon) = 2.6 R2 Sector cell (Hexagon) = 1.96 R2

Capacity Planning

Capacity Planning

Capacity Planning
Capacity can be understood in simplest terms as the number of mobile subscribers a BTS can cater for at a given time. Capacity planning is a very important process in the network rollout as it defines the number of base stations required and their respective capacities. When the sector utilization more then 100% then we will go for a new capacity site in the nearby area. Capacity plans are made in the preplanning phase for initial estimations, as well as later in a detailed manner. The number of base stations required in an area comes from the coverage planning, and the number of transceivers required is derived from capacity planning as it is directly associated with the frequency re-use factor.

Capacity Planning
There are three essential parameters required for capacity planning: estimated traffic, average antenna height, and frequency Re-use. Estimated Traffic:- Traffic in the network is dependent on the user communication rate and user movement in the network. Traffic estimation in the network is given in terms of erlangs. One erlang (1 Erl) is defined as the amount of traffic generated by the user when he or she uses one traffic channel for one hour (this one hour is usually the busy hour of the network) Average Antenna Height:-The concept of the average antenna height is the basis of the frequency re-use pattern determining capacity calculations in a cellular network. If Antenna Height is low then the covered area is small in an Urban Area, Exactly the opposite is the case in micro cellular environment. Frequency Re-use:-Frequency re-use basically means how often a frequency can be re-used in the network. If the average number of the transreceivers and the total number of frequencies are known, the frequency re-use factor can be calculated.

Capacity Enhancement Solutions

Conventional solutions
Cell splitting Site distance reduction Interference Reduction Features New Site Plan Optimize site properly

Extra Spectrum
Extended GSM (10 MHz) Dual Band/ Dual Mode

Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer) Indoor Planning Solutions

City Planning

City Planning Enhancement Solutions

Conventional solutions New Site planned Building Height Tower Heights Microcells (Hotspot, Continuous Layer)

City Planning
The whole land area is divided into three major classes urban, suburban and rural based on human-made structures and natural terrains City Is coming under Dense Urban, Urban & Suburban. City Planning requires from the planners is generally a network design that covers 100% of the area. Fulfilling this requirement is usually impossible, so efforts are made design a network that covers all the regions that may generate traffic and to have holes only in no-traffic zones. The cells (sites) that are constructed in these areas can be classified as outdoor and indoor cells. Outdoor cells can be further classified as macro-cellular, micro-cellular or pico-cellular. Macro Cells:- When the base station antennas are placed above the average roof-top level, the cell is a known as a macro-cell. A macro-cell range may vary from a couple of kilometers to 35 km So this concept is used for rural Environment. Micro Cells:- When the base station antennas are below the average rooftop level, then the cell is known as a micro-cell. The area that can be covered is small, so this concept is applied in Dense urban and urban areas. The range of micro-cells is from a few hundred meters to a couple of kilometers. Pico Cells:-Pico-cells are defined as the same layer as micro-cells and are usually used for indoor coverage.

Highway Planning
In Highway planning needs High gain antenna as well as more height. This site is coming under clutter type Rural area. This site is dedicated to highways & act as an backbone network for those Rural area nearby the highway.

RF Planning on Asset Tool

Creating a Project
Add a new project from the Add Project Give a Project Name & Change the Following parameters as the Requirement: Coordinate System:-The information is vital to locate the mapping information on the earths surface. This information is obtained from the data provided. Map Projection Ellipsoid UTM Zone Then Click Save button and then press OK.

Creating a Project
Mapping data directory Information relating to the location in the directory structure of where the particular type of mapping data is held Line (vector) data Heights Clutter Text

Training On Asset Tool

Creating a Project
User data directory Directory for storage of the user data types
User Preference Prediction Directory Max Disk Space (Default space 5 GB) Colour Palette (C:\Program Files\AIRCOM International\Enterprise 6.0\Common) Coverage Array Directory User Line Vector (Data)

Creating a Project
Map data extents Defined the overall area that the user will be able to move around in the 2-D view Click on Calculate Button.

Asset Planning Tool

Now Project created & Select the project by click on the Start Button.

2D Views Window

3. Add Sites 2. Add BSC 1. Add MSC 4. Moving

5. Deleting 6. Moving antenna 7. Re-orientating antenna

For a new project, the user will need to firstly lay down MSCs and BSCs in hierarchical order.

Site Database Window

Site Database

Site Database

To get all information regarding a site, Like GSM Antenna Height, type, power, Lat/Long.

Site Database

Site Database

Site Database

Analysis
Predictions for all sites to be analysed are required before any analysis is done

Analysis - Array Creation

Create Array

Add site to coverage array Display coverag Add cell to e for a coverage cell array

Create/display Array Coverag e Statistic Display coverage for a site Cell signal difference

Analysis - Array Creation

Use to analysis network with frequency hopping turn-on

Use to analysis network without frequency hopping turn-on

Analysis - Array Creation

Minimum signal level at which a cell is considered to be a serving cell

Analysis - Array Creation

Analysis - Array Creation

Use when there are predictions of different resolution, to interpolate and smooth all the different resolutions to the selected one to give a continuous resolution coverage array

Settings
Options - Carriers

Settings
Option - Group

Settings
Option - Carrier Layers

Settings
Option - Cell Layer

Settings
Option - Cell Layer

Settings
Coverage Thresholds and Types

Create Array
Select the filter in Create Array windows & Press OK. Then Processing for the Create Array.

Asset Planning Tool

After Processing Prediction Plot of the Site. For multiple Site we can select required Site the go for Prediction.

Single Site Prediction

Multiple Site Prediction

Report

Export
The project can be exported to the following format : Coverage (MapInfo bitmap) Enterprise Coverage (Coversoft/GSM Association V6) Coverage (InterGraph) Coverage (MapInfo Mif) Coverage (MapInfo Tiff) Neptune NPS/10 NPS/X PlaNet/EET

Import
Asset can import data from :-

Enterprise Neptune NPS/X PlaNet/EET

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