Mary Rose H.

Garcia BSMedTech Far Eastern University

Significance Classification/ Taxonomy Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure Bacterial morphology Microbial growth and nutrition Bacterial biochemistry and metabolism Bacterial genetics

Isolate,identify and analyze the bacteria that cause diseases in humans Knowledge of microbial structure and physiology (areas): Culture of organisms from patient specimens Classification and identification of organisms Prediction and interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ecological niches-way in which organism uses its resources habitats-organisms location and where its resources may be found

 Understanding

the growth requirements of a particular bacterium-enables the microbiologist to select the correct medium for primary culture and optimize the chance of isolating the pathogen. Determination of staining characteristics (based on different cell wall structure)-the first step in
Metabolic

biochemical differences b/w organisms-form the basis for most bacterial identification systems today. Cell structure and biochemical pathways of an organism- determine its susceptibility to various antibiotics.

bacterial identification

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK-discovery of beasties in a water droplet in his homemade microscopeFather of

protozoology and bacteriology

*Many of the microbes do not cause disease. Microbes that are associated with diseases

1. Bacteria 2. Parasites 3. Fungi 4. Viruses

Unicellular organisms Lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus Classified as prokaryotes [Gk. Kernelnucleus, pro-signifying before in time] No mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or Golgi bodies

Eukaryotic parasites- unicellular organisms of microscopic size others are multicellular

organisms

Protozoa-unicellular organisms within the kingdom Protista(obtain nutrition from ingestion) Some are capable of locomotion (motile, whereas others are nonmotile) Categorized by locomotive structures: *flagella- [Lt. whiplike] *pseudopodia- [Gk.false feet] *cilia-[Lt. eyelash]

> Many multicellular parasites may be as long as 7 to 10 meters.

Heterotrophic eukaryotes (obtain nutrients through absorption) Yeasts are a group of unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually (no sex organ) True yeasts do not form hyphae or mycelia Most fungi are multicellular and many can produce asexually or sexually.icellular organisms The bodies of multicellular fungi-composed of filaments (hyphae) w/c interweave to form mats (mycelia)

Moulds are filamentous forms that can reproduce asexually and sexually Yeast and hyphae/mycelial forms growing as yeast at incubator or human temperature Filamentous form at room temperature- fungi are dimorphic Many dimorphic fungi produce systematic diseases in human hosts

Smallest infectious particles (virions) Cannot be sen under an ordinary light microscope Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic Many times, effects are seen on cell lines (inclusions, rounding up of cells and synctium) where these characteristics become diagnostic for many viral diseases. *synctium- cell fusion into multinucleated infected forms)

 Characteristics

living things: Consist of DNA or RNA but not both; their genome may be double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) Acellular (not composed of cells), lack cytoplasmic membranes, surrounded by a protein coat Obligate intracellular parasites that require host cells for replication (inc. in number does not involve mitosis, meiosis or binary fission) and metabolism

that distinguish viruses from

lack enzymes, ribosomes and other metabolites Growth (inc. in size) does not occur in

Obligate intracellular plants take over host cell function to produce virus because they

viruses. Viruses are mostly host and/or host cell specific Ex.1. HIV T helper cells (not muscle cells in humans)

2. Rabies virus dogs, skunks, bats, humans Bacteriophage- virus that infects and possibly destroys bacterial cells [Gk. Phage-to eat] Viruses are becoming better known by their DNA or RNA makeup, host disease signs and symptoms, chemical makeup, geographic distribution, resistance to lipid solvents and detergents, resistance to changes in pH and temperature, and antigenicity (serologic methods)

Organization and type (either DNA or RNA), of the viruss genome, how the virus replicates and the viruss virion (virus outside of a cell) structureused to differentiate virus order, family and genera * The Universal Virus Database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses-2000 description of viruses

Taxonomy the academic discipline of defining groups of organisms on the basis of shared common characteristics and giving names to those group

[Gk. Taxes-arrangement; nomos-law] Is the orderly classification and grouping of organisms into (taxa) categories

3 CATEGORIES OF TAXONOMY (based on similarities and differences in genotype and phenotype)

i. ii. iii.

Classification/ Taxonomy Nomenclature Identification

Genotype & Phenotype *genotype-genetic make up of an organism or combinations of forms of 1 or few genes under scrutiny in an organisms genome *phenotype- readily observable physical and functional features of an organism expressed by its genotype

Taxa-pl. of taxum Formal levels of bacterial classification in successively smaller taxa or subsets: (domain, kingdom, division (phylum in kingdom Animalia), class, order, family, tribe, genus , species and subspecies) Below subspecies level, designations (serotype or biotype) may be given to organisms that share specific minor characteristics

Protists (protozoans) of clinical importance are named like animals, instead of divisions, one uses phyla (pl. of phylum) but the names of others remain the same. Bacteria are placed in domains Bacteria and Archaea,(include unicellular prokaryotic organisms) separate from animals Plants and protists are placed in domain Eukarya

Traditionally, diagnostic microbiologists emphasize placement and naming of bacterial species into 3 categories (ocassionally 4 or 5) 1. family-sim. To human clan 2. Genus- human last name (pl.=Genera) 3. Species-human first name *the proper word for species is an epithet *order and tribe- for classification of plants and animals; not always used for the classification of bacteria Eg. Staphylococcus (genus) aureus (species) epithet belongs to the family Micrococcaceae *there are usually different strains w/in a given species of the same genus

-provides naming assignments for each organism Binomial System- every organism is assigned a genus and a species name Family name-is capitalized and has an -aceae ending (e.g Micrococcacaceae) Genus name-capitalized and followed by species epithet (begins with lowercase) (e.g. Staphlococcus aureus/Staphylococcus aureus) *often the genus name is abbreviated by using the first letter of the genus (capitalized) followed by a period and the species epithet e.g. S. aureus

To elimininate confusion, first two letters / the first two syllable-used when 2 or more genera begins w/ the same first letter Species abbreviated sp.-singular/ spp. pluralspecies are not specified When bacteria are referred to as a group- names are neither capitalized nor underlined (e.g. staphylococci) COMMON NAMES * Gonococcus-Neissera gonorrhea *Pneumococcus-Streptococcus pneumoniae *Tubercle bacilli- Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Process by w/c the microorganisms key features are delineated so that it can be assigned a genus and a species name *genotyping *phenotyping

CHARACTERISTICS nucleus
Chromosomal DNA Organelles Cell wall Pili and fimbriae

PROKARYOTE No nuclear membrane

In the nucleoid absent peptidoglycan present

EUKARYOTE Membrane-bound
in the nucleus Present Polysaccharides absent

Microscopic shapes >bacteria vary in size fr. 0.4 to 2 m >occur in 3 basic shapes: cocci,bacilli, spirochets Cocci-spherical Bacilli-rod shaped Spirochetes-spiralz