Wind Energy

Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production (2010 totals)

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Country United States China Spain

Windpower production (TWh) 95.2 55.5 43.7

% world total 27.6 15.9 12.7

Germany
India United Kingdom France Portugal Italy Canada (rest of world) World total

36.5
20.6 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.4 8.0 (48.5) 344.8 TWh

10.6
6.0 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 (14.1) 100%
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Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity (2011 year-end) Windpower capacity (MW) provisional 62,733 46,919 29,060 21,674 16,084 6,800 6,747 6,540 5,265 4,083

Country
China United States Germany Spain India France Italy United Kingdom Canada Portugal

% world total
26.3 19.7 12.2 9.1 6.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.2 1.7

(rest of world)
World total

(32,446)
238,351 MW

(13.8)
100%

Wind Energy Present Scenario

Wind Power Fastest growing renewable energy source Globally, it grew at the average rate of 27 % pa over the past 10 years. Drivers of growth Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development Growing Global Energy Demand Improving Competitiveness of renewable energy Security of Supply Concerns

Increasingly Significant Power Source

coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind

coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind

Introduction

WIND ENERGY - What is it?

All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun

About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind

energy Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

 Wind or air in motion contains the kinetic energy", which is converted into mechanical power by means of a wind turbine. wind strikes in wind turbine blade as shown the fig-1. The wind turbine is connected to a generator for producing electricity. The potential for wind energy is immense, and

experts suggest wind power can supply up to

20% of world electricity

Wind Power Advantages

Advantages of Wind Power

Environmental Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability

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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses No water needed for operations (cooling etc)

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Pollution from Electric Power

Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Nitrous Oxides Particulate Matter Toxic Heavy Metals 0% 20% 34% 33% 28% 23% 40% 60% 80% 70%

Percentage of U.S. Emissions

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Economic Development Benefits

Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities Increased tax revenue

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Fuel Diversity Benefits

Domestic energy source

Inexhaustible supply
Small, dispersed design
reduces supply risk

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Cost Benefits

Flat-rate pricing
hedge against fuel price volatility risk

Excess generation can be sold back to power providers for extra money.

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Others

Reduce or totally eliminate power bills.

Can generate electricity at night unlike solar panels.

It is free and constantly available.

www.homeenergyproduct.blogspot.com

History

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Wind in the sails

The technique of using a sail to capture the wind and utilising its power for propulsion is, in principle, the same today as it was 6,000 years ago, when the first sailing vessels appeared. Sailing vessels are propelled by the differential forces created on each side of a sail when the wind blows across it. The under pressure on the rear side of the sail interacts with the overpressure on the front side to drive the vessel forwards.

Conquering the skies

In the fifteenth century, the genius Leonardo da Vinci devoted much time and energy to studying the same field. Through a series of impressive sketches and complex wing designs, he attempted to copy the wing movements of the birds

Up and away in a balloon

It was actually a bubble of air that first helped man to break the hold of gravity and ascend into the clouds. The first passenger carrying balloon lifted off in 1783.

The ships of the air Ballooning had been popular for a couple of centuries.Henri Giffard in 1852 introduced the first airship in the world.

Wind becomes electricity

The word windmill makes it plain that wind power was used to mill grain. The word mill itself stems from the Latin word for a machine that grinds grain

A mill to generate electricity

In the winter of 188788, the visionary American inventor Charles F. Brush built the first windmill intended to generate electricity.

The rotor had a diameter of 17 metres and featured 144 cedar rotor blades.
This giant windmill remained in operation for 20 years

Wind Power Design

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Many turbines built on the same location is called a Wind Farm. More turbines create more energy.

How it works: A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting

the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.

Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.

Turbines: Capacity base classification

Small (10 kW)

Homes Farms Remote Applications
(e.g. battery changing, water pumping, telecom sites)

Intermediate (10-500 kW)

Village Power

Large (500 kW 5 MW)

Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power

TYPES OF WIND TURBINE

1.Horizontal Turbine
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind.

2.Vertical Turbine
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set vertically and the main components are located at the base of the turbine.

Vertical Axis Wind Generators (VAWT's)

Main rotor shaft in vertical direction. Operates with wind from any direction. Designed for low wind speed. Operates at a low RPM. Lower Vibration levels.

Horizontal Axis Wind Generator's (HAWT's)

Main rotor shaft in the horizontal direction. Requires a relatively high wind speed. Operates at a high RPM. Higher vibration levels.

Wind Energy - Technology

Major Components of Wind Turbine

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10

Components

16 17
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hub controller Pitch cylinder Main shaft Oil cooler Gearbox Top Controller Parking Break Service crane Transformer Blade Hub

12 12
11. Blade bearing 12. Blade 13. Rotor lock system 14. Hydraulic unit 15. Machine foundation 16. Yaw gears 17. Generator 18. Ultra-sonic sensors 19. Meteorological gauges

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Typical Turbine Size

1.3 to 1.8 MW rated capacity Rotor diameter 60 to 80 meters Tower height 60 to 80 meters Turbine footprint 10 m x 10 m Lowest ground clearance is at least 100 ft.

245-330 ft. TIP

Apx. 100 ft.

165-220 ft TOWER

2006 5 MW 600

2000 850 kW 265

2003 1.8 MW 350

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Wind Turbines: Number of Blades

Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine. A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure.

 The generator is attached at one end to the wind turbine, which provides the mechanical energy. At the other end, the generator is connected to the electrical grid. Wind power generators convert wind energy (mechanical energy) to electrical energy.

The generator needs to have a cooling system to make sure there is no overheating.

Wind Farm Design

For closely spaced towers, efficiency of the entire array becomes worse as more wind turbines are added

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 Recommended spacing is 3-5 rotor diameters between towers in a row and 5-9 diameters between rows

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Wind Farms Optimum Spacing

Optimum spacing is estimated to be 3-5 rotor diameters between towers and 5-9 between rows

3 D to 5D

5 D to 9D
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Turbines Constantly Improving

Larger turbines Specialized blade design Power electronics Computer modeling
produces more efficient design

Manufacturing improvements

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Wind Energy Basics

Wind Power Equation

P = * air density * Area Swept by Rotor * Wind Speed3

P = * * A * V3
1) Power in the wind is correlated 1:1 with area and is extremely sensitive to wind speed (the cubic amplifies the power significantly)

2)

If the wind speed is twice as high, it contains 23 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 times as much energy

Energy from the Wind

Turbine output drives wind economics and output is a strong function of wind speed Wind speed increases with height above the ground
Power = 1/2 (air density) (area) (wind speed)

Energy in the wind increases as height increases (theoretically) V2/V1 = (H2/H1)1/7

Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Wind Speed
Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

Height
Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Air density
Wind energy increases proportionally with air density Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates

Blade swept area

Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades
Blades are shaped like airplane wings

10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter
Resulting in 600 foot total height

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Betz Limit
Theoretical maximum energy extraction from wind = 16/27 = 59.3% Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3 Albert Betz (1928)

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Capacity factor
Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 2040%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.

Expected Output/Capacity Factor

The capacity factor is simply the wind turbine's actual energy output for the year divided by the energy output if the machine operated at its rated power output for the entire year

A reasonable capacity factor would be 0.25 to 0.30. A very good capacity

factor would be 0.40

Capacity factor is very sensitive to the average wind speed

Wind power in Pakistan

Pakistan is building wind power plants in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti

Bandar and Bin Qasim in Sindh. The government of Pakistan

decided to develop wind power energy sources due to problems supplying energy to the southern coastal regions of

Sindh and Balochistan, the project was undertaken with

assistance from the government of China.

 Wind turbines rely on the wind, less wind means less electricity. Many people think that they make the countryside look unnatural. The process of manufacturing and transporting the turbines may cause land pollution. When built on shore they can spoil coastline areas and tidal flow patterns, affecting the habitats of marine life and birds.

Disadvantages Of Wind Energy

The main disadvantage regarding wind power is down to the winds unreliability factor. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or wind farm, and this is where the use of solar power or geothermal power could be great alternatives. Wind turbines generally produce allot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station. Wind turbine construction can be very expensive and costly to surrounding wildlife during the build process. The noise pollution from commercial wind turbines is sometimes similar to a small jet engine. This is fine if you live miles away, where you will hardly notice the noise, but what if you live within a few hundred meters of a turbine? This is a major disadvantage. Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm development. People feel the countryside should be left in tact for everyone to enjoy it's beauty.

Wind Power Isnt Perfect

Wind Power output varies over time Wind Power is location-dependent Wind Power is transmission-dependent Wind Power can only meet part of the electrical load

COST OF WIND TURBINE

Installation costs are typically $125,000. Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000.

The average price for large, modern wind farms $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed.

is around

3. Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. ( 13.7 years non-stop) 4. A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000. Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the original cost, per year.

Conclusion
The questions that fossil fuels cant answer
The worlds energy consumption is expected to increase at least 36% from 2008 to 2035*. Nobody can say for certain how long the finite fossil fuel

resources will last, but its abundantly clear that in the very near future were all
going to become dependent on energy from sustainable sources such as biofuels, the sun, and hydrogen. And, the most promising of all renewable - the power of

the wind.