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By : Nurul Uyun Binti Ahmad

You should be able :


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Define fluid.

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State the differences between solid and fluid


Calculate common fluid properties such as mass density, specific weight, relative density, dynamic and kinematic viscosity. Define Newtons Law of viscosity; relationship between shear stress and rate of shear strain
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Fluid Mechanics deals with the study of all uids under static and dynamic situations.
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- Essential for the chemical engineer, because majority of chemical processing operations are conducted either partially or totally in the fluid phase.

A fluid is a substance in the gaseous or liquid form Distinction between solid and fluid? Solid: can resist an applied shear by deforming. Stress is proportional to strain Fluid: deforms continuously under applied shear. Stress is proportional to strain rate
FLUID

Flow under the action of such forces

Deforming continuously for as long as the force applied

Unable to retain any unsupported shape


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Shear Force

Figure 1.1 Fluid element under a shear force


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Normal component: normal stress In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called pressure
Act tangentially to a surface. Deforming is caused by shearing forces, i.e. forces such as F (refer Figure 1.1), which act tangentially to the surfaces to which they are applied and causes the material originally occupying the space ABCD to deform ABCD.

- we can then say :

a fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flows, when subjected to shearing forces. if a fluid is at rest there are no shearing forces acting. distinction between solid and fluid : substance ability to resist shear stress.

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when a fluid is in motion shear stresses are developed if the particles of the fluid move relative to one another. when this happens adjacent particles have different velocities. if fluid velocity is the same at every point then there is no shear stress produced : the particles have zero relative velocity.

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consider the flow in a pipe in which water is flowing at the pipe wall the velocity of the water will be zero

the velocity will increase as we move toward the centre of the pipe. This change in velocity across the direction of flow is known as velocity profile

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Figure 1.2 Velocity profile in a pipe

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Because particles of fluid next to each other are moving with different velocities there are shear forces in the moving fluid i.e. shear forces are normally present in a moving fluid.

On the other hand, if a fluid is a long way from the boundary and all the particles are traveling with the same velocity, the velocity profile would look something like this :

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Figure 1.3 Velocity profile in uniform flow


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and there will be no shear forces present as all particles have zero relative velocity. in practice we are concerned with flow past solid boundaries; airplanes, cars, pipe walls, etc. and shear forces will be present.

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Figure 1.4 Fluid element under a shear force shear strain,


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To learn and instill a sense of love for the subject of this fluid, you need to know more closely the natures of the fluid.
At the same time, you not only must know the properties of this fluid, but you also must know the names, symbols, units and formulas associated with each character described.

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The density of a substance is that quantity of matter contained in unit volume of the substance. It can be expressed in three different ways

1.4.1 Mass Density,


1.4.2 Specific Weight, w 1.4.3 Relative Density, SG

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1.4.1 MASS DENSITY Mass density, is defined as the mass of substance per unit volume. Units: kilogram per cubic meter (kgm-3)

Typical values at p=1.013 x 105 Nm-2, T=288.15 K, mass density of water is 1000 kgm-3 and air is 1.23 kgm-3.

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An unknown liquid substance has a mass of 18.5 g and occupies a volume of 23.4 ml. Determine the density of the unknown liquid.
= [(18.5 g) / (1000 g/kg)] / [(23.4 ml) / (1000 ml/l) (1000 l/m3) ] = (18.5 10-3 kg) / (23.4 10-6 m3) = 790 kg/m3

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1.4.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT


Specific weight, w is defined as the weight per unit volume. The relationship between w and can be deduced from Newtons second law where:

Weight per unit volume = Mass per unit volume x g = g


Units: newtons per cubic meter (Nm-3) Typical values for water is 9.81 x 103 Nm-3 and air is 12.07 Nm-3.

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1.4.3 RELATIVE DENSITY


Relative density or specific gravity (SG), is defined as the ratio of the mass density of a substance to some standard mass density. For solids and liquids, the standard mass density chosen is the maximum density of water (which occur at 4C at atmospheric pressure).

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The relationship between is represented by,

Where: SG = specific gravity = density of fluid or substance (kg/m3) water = density of water (kg/m3) Typical values for water is 1.0 and oil is 0.9.

subs tan ce = water at 4C

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If the density of iron is 7850 kg/m3, determine the SG of it.

SG = (7850 kg/m3) / (1000 kg/m3) = 7.85

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The resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress 1.5.1 Dynamic Viscosity, 1.5.2 Kinematic Viscosity,

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measures its resistance to flow under an applied shear stress units : kg/(m.sec), g/(cm.sec) or poise, P (10P = 1kgm-1s1) kinematic viscosity, = / units : m2s-1 or Stokes, St (104 St = 1 m2s-1)

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Kinematic is related to the cross section of fluid passing through an area in a unit of time.
Dynamic is related to the mass quantity per (meter * second) passing through a volume of space.

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is defined as the weight per unit volume or the force exerted by gravity, g, upon a unit volume of the substance relationship between g and : = g units : N/m3

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If a specific weight of liquid is 8.1 kN/m3, what is its density ? Solution = g = /g = 8.1 kN/m3 / 9.81 ms-2 = 825.7 kg/m3

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Did you achieve your learning outcomes??


1) define fluid 2) state the differences between solid and fluid 3) calculate common fluid properties such as mass density, specific weight, relative density, dynamic and kinematic viscosity 4) Define viscosity, shear stress and shear strain

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Define fluid mechanics. 2) state the differences between solid and fluid. 3) Calculate density of a substance when its mass and volume are 5000 g of 340 cm3 respectively. 4) Determine specific weight for a liquid when its density is 230 g/cm3. 5) Estimate relative density for ice-lemon tea if the density is 987g/cm3 . 6) Dynamic viscosity for a fluid is 1.095 kgm-1s-1.Determine its kinematic viscosity if the density is 356 kgm-3. 7) Shear force, 20 N acts tangentially to the fluid element as in figure 1 below. (a) determine shear stress for the fluid if area of AabB is 340cm2. (b) Calculate shear strain if x and y are 15 m and 23 m respectively.
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Figure 1

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