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Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
We need to use hypothesis-testing tools & technique, as a part/ means of the research process. -also in decision making situations; -in inference, experimental testing & observation - Study on effectiveness (cause & effect relation case)
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1.Define Research Problem 2.Review Literature (Last finding/ theory/ concept) 3.Formulate Hypothesis 4.Design the Research (Sampling design) 5.Collection of data(Observations, response variable) [ Predictor, criterion variables] Ex. - advt., sales 6. Analysis of data (Hypothesis testing etc.) 7. Interpretation & Final report
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Research gap Additional knowledge Trying to know something about the unknown Population vs Sample Parameter vs Statistic Census vs sampling Sampling methods & sampling distributions Sampling error, standard error Estimation: point & interval
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Marital status of respondents Annual Income of family 2. Relevance of malls, like Bigbazar (to the locals); 3. Importance of price factor while buying Mobile, edible oil 4. Use of credit cards; 5. Attitude (I)/ Preference(O) (study on fruit juice Vs soft drink) 6. Newspaper popularity; 7. Packaging [study on shape of a bottle for deodorant]; 8. Selecting a trusted/ dependable Hospital
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Observational Method: The observational method involves human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events take place during a buying or consumption situation. Longitudinal Studies are repeated-measurement studies, that collect data over several periods in time.
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
1.Conceptually defined in clear terms; 2.Should be testable; 3.Formulated in specific terms; 4.Related to available techniques, theories.
facts
and
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Reject (H0)
Accept (H0)
Actual/ true-State H0 True Wrong (Type I Error) a Correct Decision Correct Decision Wrong (Type II Error) b
H0 False
the probability of type-1 error, a is known as the level of significance of the test (= size of the Critical Region). Prob.{Accepting H0 / H1 is true}= b , (1- b ) is called the power of the test. - We cant check/ reduce both a & b simultaneously. The usual practice is to control at a predetermined low level and subject to this constraint on a we choose such a test that minimizes b (or maximizes the power function, 1- b). Generally we choose a = 0.05 or, 0.01 (i.e. 5% or 1%) level of significance.
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
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Where t, is the statistic; S.E (t) is the standard error of the statistic t.
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Hypothesis Testing
Large Sample Test Small Sample Test
Z (normal) Test
t, F, c2 -tests
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Construct hypotheses (null & Alternative) Select appropriate test statistic (formula) Calculation (calculated value of t or z) Comparison (with tabulated value)
Note: Testtype (one/ two tailed test) depends onH1 one/ two tailed test : (z=2.58 or 1.96), for 1% or 5% one tailed test : (z= 2.33 or 1.645), for 1% or 5%
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X 0
/ n
Where,
1 X i X 2 n 1
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n1
,
1
n2
3(b): Test of equality of two means where variances are not known:
t S X1 X 2 1 1 n1 n2 ,
Where,
n1 1S 2 1 n2 1 S 2 2 n1 n2 2
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P P 1 pq / n
P1 P2 P1 q1 P2 q 2 n1 n2
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We use t - test when : (i) Sample size is within 30-40, or less (ii) Population variance or standard deviation is unknown.
While testing hypothesis following assumptions are usually made: (a) the population is normal (or Approximately Normal), (b) Observations are independently drawn for the random sample. (c) In case of 2 samples, population variances are equal (for the test of equality of Means)
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This test is used for: (i) test of dependence or association between 2 attributes, (ii) test of goodness of fit, (iii) test of homogeneity (of distributions, correlation coefficients & population variances).
Left-tail
Accept
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
Right-tail
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