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Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies short-term and long-term changes in the size and age composition of populations Population dynamics deals with the way populations are affected by birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration, and studies topics such as ageing populations or population decline. Demography - vital statistics about people, such as births and deaths
Different questions relating to population required careful objectives and systematic study of the population Population policies are based on some of the important questions.
Important Questions
Is population growing larger. ? Is population becoming smaller or remaining constant. ? What are ages and sexes of population. ? Are people shifting from rural to urban areas.? What are the proportions of single, married, widowed or divorced people What are the current trends in marital status. ? Will immigration remain at the same level. ? Are we having fewer or more children and how this will affect the future.? Will we need more homes , doctors and edul instts (kinds).?
Reports
The reports of different agencies, UNO, USA etc. on annual basis. PRB, NIPS, UNFPA
BASIC CONCEPTS
Population Change: Changes in the size of population (+ or -) Changes in the growth of population: Fertility (birth rate) 20 per 1000 Mortality (death rate) 15 per 1000 and Migration Rate of Change refers to natural increase + net migration The difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is called rate of natural increase difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per 1,000 inhabitants
FERTILITY (No. of children per woman) Measurement: Average no. of children born by a woman FERTILITY RATE average number of children per 1000 women of child bearing age 15-44)
FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY Decrease in Mortality lowers fertility Age at marriage : lower age longer reproductive period Women Education: highly educated women prefer small family and has lower fertility rate than lower educated women Fertility and social economic status: high socio economic status (+, -) Fertility and Rural Urban Distribution; (+, -)
Mortality
Mortality: No. of deaths among the components of population. Important role in population growth. Decline of mortality due to many factors.(D, UD) Factors of high mortality in past: Food shortage, Epidemics, War Losses, Poor conditions of living etc. Factors of decline in mortality in developed countries
Eco development, sanitary reforms, pub health measures, soc reforms, adv: in medicines
Infant Mortality: death of children before 1 year of age. These deaths are being decreased..(D, UD)
Migration
Migration: vague term different meanings,
(Gen: mobility that involves change of residence between defined political/geographical areas, or between residence areas of different types) Migration is movement from one place to another with or outside the country UNESCO: mig is movement from one region to another for the purpose of settlement. Types: Internal and International Migration
How it is measured
In migrants A to B (B in migrants) Out migrants A to B (A out migrants) In and out migrants within the country Net migration= in-migrants - out-migrants More in migration is express (+) and more out migration is expressed (-) These 2 types of migrations have no affect on countrys population size, change but is concerned with population distribution/urbanization etc. External Migration: Movement from one to other country Emigration: examples Immigrants:..
Factors of migration
Push Factors: Problems , lack of basic facilities,
Educational facilities
Overpopulation
Ratio of population to available resources Over population (10, facilities to 9 then it is over) Over population (10, facilities to 10 then no over)
Causes of Overpopulation
High birth rate Decline in death rate Improved medical facilities Illiteracy Conservative philosophy of family life Joint family system
Increase unproductive expenditure and the volume of savings declines, Creates unemployment, under employment and wastage of human resources, Increase the poverty, depletion of natural resources, high mortality, malnutrition, poor diet, reduce life expectancy, over utilization of infrastructure
Causes higher land prices
Suggestions
Reduction of birth rates/accelerating rate of economic development Control birth rate, Family planning compaign
Zeero Population: deaths and births rates are equal ( no increase or decrease in population) Negative Population/under population If birth rates less than death rate