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is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements, the most common of these being carbon. Steel is the general name given to a large range of iron alloys.

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There are three major types of steel: carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. All three types of steel have their own uses, ranging from appliances to structural support in buildings.

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Steels containing 0.2% C to 1.5% C are known as carbon steel. They are of three types. Low Carbon Steel It contains 0.2% carbon. Uses: Sheets, wires, pipes. Mild Carbon Steel It contains 0.3% to 0.7% carbon. Uses: Rails, boilers, plates, axles, structures. High Carbon Steel It contains 0.7% to 1.5% carbon. Uses: Surgical instruments, razor blades, cutlery, spring.

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It contains 14% to 18% chromium and 7% to 9% nickel. Uses Car accessories, watch case, utensils, cutlery.

There are three types of alloy steel. Mn-Steel It contains 10%-18% Mn. Uses: Rail tracks, armor plate, safe. Si-Steel It contains 1% to 5% Si. Uses: Permanent magnet. Ni-Steel It contains 2% to 4% Ni. Uses: Gear, shaft, cable. Page 6

Stainless steels resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Steel construction has so many advantages: the strength to weight ratio is excellent, metals join easily, efficient shapes are available, etc. For most larger buildings, metals are a key element of the structural system. Steel beams and columns, steel joists, steel studs, aluminium framing are a few examples of metal construction. A wise Superintendent understands not only how to erect the structure, but also the basics of how the structural system works and the ways in which it fails

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Density is the measurement of how much matter there is per unit volume of an object. Given two objects of the same size, but different densities, the denser object will be heavier than the less dense object. For example, a block of lead is more dense than a block of aluminium. Steel typically has a density between 7.75 to 8.1 mega grams per cubic meter.

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Elastic modulus is a measurement that describes how much stress you can subject an object to before it deforms permanently (as opposed to deforming elastically, when the object reverts back to its original state once the stress is removed). The higher this value, the more elastic it is. Steel typically has an elastic modulus between 190 to 210 gigapascals.

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Poisson's Ratio when an object is stretched, the length of the object increases, while the thickness of the object decreases. The ratio between the contraction and elongation of an object (or expansion to shortening) is known as Poisson's Ratio. The lower this number, the less an object will shrink in thickness when stretched (or grow in thickness when contracted). Steel typically has a Poisson's Ratio of 0.27 to 0.3.

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Melting Point the melting point of an object refers to the temperature at which the object can be subjected or heated to before it begins to melt. Stainless steel typically has a melting point between 1,371 to 1,454 degrees Celsius, which correlates to approximately 2,500 to 2,649 degrees Fahrenheit. However, there is no such acceptable range for carbon and alloy steels, due to the extreme variance in their composition.

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Specific heat is the measurement of how much heat must be applied to an object to raise its temperature by a standard amount. The highest this value, the more "insulating" the object is. Stainless steel has the least amount of variance in specific heat, typically measuring between 420 to 500 joules per kilogram-Kelvin. On the other hand, carbon steels have a wide range of typical specific heats, ranging from 450 to 2081 joules per kilogram-Kelvin; and alloy steels have a range between 452 to 1499 joules per kilogram-Kelvin.

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When an object is stretched, there is a certain point where the object begins to thin out drastically before it rips apart at those locations. This is known as "necking" and it occurs at a maximum applied stress called the tensile stress. An object with a higher tensile stress can withstand more stress before it begins to neck. Stainless steels have accepted tensile stress values between 515 to 827 megapascals; carbon steels have accepted tensile stress values between 276 and 1882 megapascals; and alloy steels have accepted tensile stress values between 758 and 1882 megapascals.

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Yield Strength when an object deforms and is able to revert back to its original state, this is known as elastic, or non-permanent, deformation. After a certain amount of stress applied to an object, the object can no longer deform elastically and starts to deform plastically, or permanently. The maximum amount of stress that an object can withstand before plastically deforming is known as the yield strength. Stainless steels have accepted yield strengths between 207 to 552 megapascals; carbon steels have accepted yield strengths between 187 to 758 megapascals; and alloy steels have accepted yield strengths between 366 to 1793 megapascals.

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Properties Density (1000 kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Poisson's Ratio Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) Melting Point (C) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Specific Heat (J/kg-K) Electrical Resistivity (109W-m) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Percent Elongation (%) Hardness (Brinell 3000kg)

Carbon Steels 7.85 190-210 0.27-0.3 11-16.6

Alloy Steels 7.85 190-210 0.27-0.3 9.0-15

Stainless Steels 7.75-8.1 190-210 0.27-0.3 9.0-20.7 1371-1454

24.3-65.2 450-2081 130-1250 276-1882 186-758 10-32 86-388

26-48.6 452-1499 210-1251 758-1882 366-1793 4-31 149-627

11.2-36.7 420-500 75.7-1020 515-827 207-552 12-40 137-595

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TYPE: Wide Flange SYMBOL: W DESCRIPTION: Flange surfaces are parallel; flange thickness is not necessarily equal to the web thickness.

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Many buildings use steel wide flange beams as lintels in larger masonry openings that have a plate welded to the underside to carry the exterior wythe of brick

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TYPE: Bearing Pile SYMBOL: HP DESCRIPTION: Flange surfaces are parallel; flange and web have equal thicknesses.

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They are used as bearing piles for foundation projects such as bridges and industrial facilities or as anchoring piles for quay or excavation walls. Page 21

TYPE: American Standard Beam SYMBOL: S DESCRIPTION: The inner flange surface is sloped.

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American Standard steel beam is called Sshape has wide flanges at the top and bottom with a narrower section below. It is used in axial loads such as holding up roofs or floors.

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TYPE: Wide Flange SYMBOL: C DESCRIPTION: Standard AISC flanges have sloped inner flange surfaces.

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Wide Flange beams can be used for cross bracing, which is utilized to reinforce building structures when diagonal supports intersect. The common uses for cross bracing include bridges (for side supports) along with structural foundations. This method maximizes the weight of the load a structure is able to support Page 25

TYPE: Tee SYMBOL: WT,ST,MT DESCRIPTION: WT shapes are cut from a wide flange.ST shapes are cut from American Standard Beams.MT shapes are cut from non-standard I-shapes.

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are primarily used in the fabrication of steel trusses. have traditionally been used in parking structures. Over the past decade, tees have been integrated into the building envelope for use in floor and roof systems.

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TYPE: Hollow Steel Section,Steel Tube SYMBOL: HSS,TS DESCRIPTIONEither nomenclature is acceptable; however, HSS is more common.

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HSS is a cold formed welded steel tube used for welded or bolted construction of building, bridges and other structures and a wide variety of manufactured products.

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TYPE: Angle SYMBOL: L DESCRIPTION: Angles come in equal leg or unequal leg sizes. The diagram at left shows an unequal leg.

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TYPE: Pipe SYMBOL: Pipe DESCRIPTION:

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TYPE: Plate SYMBOL: PL or Bar DESCRIPTION: Very small plates can also be called bars.

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