Todays Topic

Software technology Hardware, Networking & Data communication

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Types of Networks
A network is defined by: - physical topology
- network protocols

Local Area Networks (LANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs) Internetworking Intranet Extranet Internet
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LAN
Limited distance (usually within 10 KM) Privately Owned Usually use a broadcast medium e.g. Coaxial cable, Fiber Optics, Virtual LANs defined by Physical technology: - defines physical and data link layer type and wiring of broadcast medium protocol for sharing broadcast medium LANs Topology: - Bus - Ring - Star 6/27/2012 ssim csk mis

WAN
Circuit Switching Telephone Exchange ISDN Packet Switching X.25 SMDS (Switched Multi megabit data service) Frame Relay ATM
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X.25 network

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Switching
Circuit switching - sets up dedicated end-to-end channel for duration of connection - used for phone network Packet switching - divides data messages into small packets - each packet is "message switched - packets can take different routes - if one is lost, does not resend whole message

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Protocols for Packet Switching

In addition to the previous functionality...
break messages into packets attaches destination address, other admin info to packets finds next node in path for each packet routes packets to next node reassembles packets into messages at receivers end
A S C
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R
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OSI Abstraction Layers

7: Application layer

E.g., terminal emulation, file transfer

6: Presentation layer

Handles encryption, compression, other translation of messages

Establishes and terminates connections between applications Divides messages into packets;assembles packets into messages Finds routes for packets; transmits them to next node Breaks packets into frames; sends frames between nodes
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5: Session layer

4: Transport layer

3: Network layer

2: Link layer

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1: Physical layer

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TCP/IP
IP is lowest layer (equivalent to the OSI network layer) - moves a packet from one host to another - connectionless protocol (no guarantee of reliable delivery) - each packet contains a 32-bit address of the destination host - each host has its own unique address - Internet is running out of addresses - partly because addresses allocated inefficiently - eventually move to more than 32-bit addresses TCP (equivalent to OSI transport layer) -establishes a reliable connection between processes on two hosts -TCP makes up for unreliability of IP by resending lost blocks 6/27/2012 ssim csk mis

Internet Evolution
1962-80: The Internet is first conceived in the early 60s in the Dept of Defence Advace Research Project (ARPA) of USA. In 1969 Researchers at US created the first host of ARPANET which grows to 213 hosts international by 1981. 1982-90: In 1982 the term Internet is used for the first time with the creation of TCP/IP. In 1984 William Gibson coins the term Cyberspace in his novel Neuromancer. The number of hosts exceeds 300,000 by 1990 1991-96: In 1991 a group of particle physicists working at CERN in Switzerland created World Wide Web. In 1992 number of hosts exceeds 1,000,000. In 1993 the first graphics-based Web Browser called MOSAIC became available. In 1994 NETSCAPE Browser was released and in 1995 SUN Microsystems Corp. release an Internet Programming language called JAVA. By January 1998 users in almost 210 countries around the world are now connected to the Internet and number of hosts approaches to 25 million. (No of users 300 million people (approx)
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Internet Applications Services

E-Mail/ Bulletin Boards/ Discussion & Newsgroups/ Internet Relay Chat (IRC) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to download information from various ftp sites of Internet Telnet to Login into a Remote System in Internet Archie to locate files in Internet Gopher to retrieve Menu / Indexed information from Internet WAIS to retrieve Indexed information from Net World Wide Web (WWW)
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Intranet and Extranet

The use of Internet Technology to build a

private corporate network - Intranet The extension of Intranet to cover the Business partners of an Corporation Extranet Use of high security and access control such as firewalls

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How the Intranet Works

Acts as a reservoir of company info like provident fund rules, HR policies etc. Intranets are internal networks that let you access information by simple browsing as on the World Wide Web Lets you share Information with colleagues spread over various locations, simultaneously

Are an interaction platform for the employees to discuss projects, share ideas

Helps improve workflow and increase productivity

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Enhances project Management and reporting ssim csk mis systems

Intranet Applications
Publishing Corporate Documents Mail Workgroup Collaboration Software Distribution

Access Into Searchable Directories

User Interface

Corporate/ Department/ Individual Pages

Intranet Application
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Other Information and Uses

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Internal Applications on Intranet

Product Information Project Information Access to Data Warehouse Product Support Databases Training and Registration Newswire Clippings Software Libraries Phone Directory Conference Room Reservations Libraries Subscription Services
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Policies and Procedures Engineering Groups Information Historical Information Employee and Group Information Sharing Design Drawings Technology Centers Sales Support Centers Competitive Analysis Strategies Financial-Management Query Corporate Newsletters

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Internal Applications on Intranet

Knowledge Preservation Official Travel Guide Manufacturing Information Employee Info-bases Employee Property Management Policies and Procedures Jobs Benefits Literature Ordering Stock Quote Information Catalogs
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Performance Tracking Surveillance Application Front-end Whiteboard Conferencing Travel Plans Art Libraries Directions Maps Indexing Engines

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What are extranets?

An extranet is a private network that uses the Internet protocols and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company
Company A

Intranet

Company B

Extranet
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Company C

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Applications of Extranets
Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or those "in the trade" Share inventory status, order status and such other business information Collaborate with other companies on joint development efforts Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, such as an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated banks Share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies
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Internet Addressing Systems

It follows 32 bit IP systems and divided in 4 Octals and classified into 3 Classes at present: - A Class begins with 0 -127 - B Class begins with 128 -191 - C Class begins with 192 - 223

0-255
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8 0-255

16

0-255 24 0-255 32

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Next session
Development of TPS, MIS, DSS

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