Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 13
Production Planning
Overview
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Production-Planning Hierarchy Aggregate Planning Master Production Scheduling Types of Production-Planning and Control Systems Wrap-Up: What World-Class Companies Do
Aggregate Planning
Fully load facilities and minimize overloading and underloading Make sure enough capacity available to satisfy expected demand Plan for the orderly and systematic change of production capacity to meet the peaks and valleys of expected customer demand Get the most output for the amount of resources available
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Inputs
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A forecast of aggregate demand covering the selected planning horizon (6-18 months) The alternative means available to adjust short- to medium-term capacity, to what extent each alternative could impact capacity and the related costs The current status of the system in terms of workforce level, inventory level and production rate
Outputs
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A production plan: aggregate decisions for each period in the planning horizon about workforce level inventory level production rate Projected costs if the production plan was implemented
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Workforce level Hire or layoff full-time workers Hire or layoff part-time workers Hire or layoff contract workers Utilization of the work force Overtime Idle time (undertime) Reduce hours worked . . . more
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Approaches
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Informal or Trial-and-Error Approach Mathematically Optimal Approaches Linear Programming Linear Decision Rules Computer Search Heuristics
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Matching Demand Level Capacity Buffering with inventory Buffering with backlog Buffering with overtime or subcontracting
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Capacity (Production) in each time period is varied to exactly match the forecasted aggregate demand in that time period Capacity is varied by changing the workforce level Finished-goods inventories are minimal Labor and materials costs tend to be high due to the frequent changes
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Production rate is dictated by the forecasted aggregate demand Convert the forecasted aggregate demand into the required workforce level using production time information The primary costs of this strategy are the costs of changing workforce levels from period to period, i.e., hirings and layoffs
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Capacity (production rate) is held level (constant) over the planning horizon The difference between the constant production rate and the demand rate is made up (buffered) by inventory, backlog, overtime, part-time labor and/or subcontracting
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Assume that the amount produced each period is constant, no hirings or layoffs The gap between the amount planned to be produced and the forecasted demand is filled with either inventory or backorders, i.e., no overtime, no idle time, no subcontracting . . . more
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The primary costs of this strategy are inventory carrying and backlogging costs Period-ending inventories or backlogs are determined using the inventory balance equation: EIt = EIt-1 + (Pt - Dt )
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For standardized services, aggregate planning may be simpler than in systems that produce products For customized services, there may be difficulty in specifying the nature and extent of services to be performed for each customer customer may be an integral part of the production system Absence of finished-goods inventories as a buffer between system capacity and customer demand
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Preemptive Tactics
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There may be ways to manage the extremes of demand: Discount prices during the valleys.... have a sale Peak-load pricing during the highs .... electric utilities, Nucor
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Objectives of MPS
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Determine the quantity and timing of completion of end items over a short-range planning horizon. Schedule end items (finished goods and parts shipped as end items) to be completed promptly and when promised to the customer. Avoid overloading or underloading the production facility so that production capacity is efficiently utilized and low production costs result.
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Time Fences
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1-2 weeks
No Change
4-6 weeks
+/- 10% Change
6+ weeks
Frozen
Time Fences
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The rules for scheduling: Do not change orders in the frozen zone Do not exceed the agreed on percentage changes when modifying orders in the other zones Try to level load as much as possible Do not exceed the capacity of the system when promising orders. If an order must be pulled into level load, pull it into the earliest possible week without missing the promise.
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Developing an MPS
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Using input information Customer orders (end items quantity, due dates) Forecasts (end items quantity, due dates) Inventory status (balances, planned receipts) Production capacity (output rates, planned downtime) Schedulers place orders in the earliest available open slot of the MPS . . . more
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Developing an MPS
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Schedulers must: estimate the total demand for products from all sources assign orders to production slots make delivery promises to customers, and make the detailed calculations for the MPS
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Demand Estimates
WEEK
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CUSTOMERS BRANCH WAREHOUSES MARKET RESEARCH PRODUCTION RESEARCH
500 1000 500 200 700 1000 200 300 400 500 300 200 0 10 50 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
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Computations
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CUSTOMERS BRANCH WAREHOUSES MARKET RESEARCH PRODUCTION RESEARCH TOTAL DEMAND BEGINNING INVENTORY REQUIRED PRODUCTION ENDING INVENTORY
WEEK
500 1000 500 200 700 1000 200 300 400 500 300 200 0 10 50 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0
710 1350 900 700 1010 1200 1120 410 560 1160 460 950 0 1500 1500 0 1500 1500 410 560 1160 460 950 1250 30
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SCANNER PRODUCTION
4 0
1500 1500
1500 1500
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As orders are slotted in the MPS, the effects on the production work centers are checked Rough cut capacity planning identifies underloading or overloading of capacity
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2400 4800 4800 6000 6720 24720 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 25000 2600 200 200 1000 1720 280
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Rough-Cut Capacity Analysis The plant is underloaded in the first 3 weeks (primarily week 1) and it is overloaded in the last 2 weeks of the schedule. Some of the production scheduled for week 4 and 5 should be moved to week 1.
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Demand Management
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Review customer orders and promise shipment of orders as close to request date as possible Update MPS at least weekly.... work with Marketing to understand shifts in demand patterns Produce to order..... focus on incoming customer orders Produce to stock ..... focus on maintaining finished goods levels Planning horizon must be as long as the longest lead time item
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Pond-Draining Systems
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Emphasis on holding inventories (reservoirs) of materials to support production Little information passes through the system As the level of inventory is drawn down, orders are placed with the supplying operation to replenish inventory May lead to excessive inventories and is rather inflexible in its ability to respond to customer needs
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Push Systems
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Use information about customers, suppliers, and production to manage material flows Flows of materials are planned and controlled by a series of production schedules that state when batches of each particular item should come out of each stage of production Can result in great reductions of raw-materials inventories and in greater worker and process utilization than pond-draining systems
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Pull Systems
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Look only at the next stage of production and determine what is needed there, and produce only that Raw materials and parts are pulled from the back of the system toward the front where they become finished goods Raw-material and in-process inventories approach zero Successful implementation requires much preparation
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Focusing on Bottlenecks
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Bottleneck Operations Impede production because they have less capacity than upstream or downstream stages Work arrives faster than it can be completed Binding capacity constraints that control the capacity of the system Optimized Production Technology (OPT) Synchronous Manufacturing
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Synchronous Manufacturing
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Operations performance measured by throughput (the rate cash is generated by sales) inventory (money invested in inventory), and operating expenses (money spent in converting inventory into throughput) . . . more
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Synchronous Manufacturing
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System of control based on: drum (bottleneck establishes beat or pace for other operations) buffer (inventory kept before a bottleneck so it is never idle), and rope (information sent upstream of the bottleneck to prevent inventory buildup and to synchronize activities)
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Push systems dominate and can be applied to almost any type of production Pull systems are growing in use. Most often applied in repetitive manufacturing Few companies focusing on bottlenecks to plan and control production.
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