Introduction

Parameters measured
- Temperature - Pressure - Flow - Level - pH - Brix

Temperature
- Temperature Gauges - Thermocouples

- Resistence Temperature Detectors

Temperature Gauge

Thermocouple
- Quick response and comparitively small time lag - A wide range of 0 - 2300 Deg C can be measured

- Less expensive
- Low maintenance cost

Thermocouple
Type K J R Combination
Chromel - Alumel

Ranges
0 - 1000 Deg C

Iron - Constantan

0 - 750 Deg C

Pt 13% & Rh - Pt

0 - 1600 Deg C

Temperature
Resistance Temperature Detector : This is made from a piece of Platinum ( Pt ) which , at standard test conditions , has a resistance of 100 ohms at zero degrees centigrade temperature.

That is the reason why it is also called as a Pt 100 element.

Resistance of an RTD raises by 3.9 ohms per 10 degC raise in temperature.

Temperature
If the temp. is 40 degC, the resistance of the RTD is nearly 3.9 x 4 + 100 = 115.6 ohms.

10 ohms 115.6 ohms ( 40 Deg C ) Total = 135.6 ohms ( 90 DegC )

10 ohms RTD ( Field ) Control Room

Pressure
- Pascals Law states that a confined fluid transmits externally applied pressure uniformly in all directions

Pressure Measuring Elements

- Pressure Gauges - Manometers
- Pressure Transmitters

Pressure
Cable entry Transmitter

Local LCD display

Sensor Housing Valve Manifold

Rosemount SMART transmitter ( 3051 )

Pressure
Lead wire Capacitor plates
Diaphragm seal

Sensor Oil fill

Differential Pressure

Pressure

Flow
Rate of change of velocity of a Fluid or Gas
Q = VA Where Q is Volumetric Flow V is Velocity of Fluid A is Area of Cross section

Flow Measuring Elements

-Flow Transmitters -Flow Switch

Flow Transmitters
-Electro Magnetic -Vortex -Mass Flow -Differential Pressure

Flow
Root isolation valve

Impulse lines Orifice plate

Flow

Flow

Flow
As per Bernoullis eqn. Flow is proportional to the sq. root of Differential pressure

High pressure ( - )Low pressure = Diff. Pr.

Flow

Flow straightener Strainer Gas separator

Turbine flowmeter

Level

A vessel which is open to atmosphere.

100

Level

A closed vessel with atmospheric pressure.

100

Level
0 100

Level
Transmitter measures (X + hd ) - X = hd mmWC Pressure of the vessel = x X + hd h = Height d = density

Level
Seal pot Resultant Diff. Pr. = zero Pressure head = hxd

Pressure head = hxd

Level
If ,for example, the range of a level transmitter is 0 to 100 mm WC . Then, after the introduction of a seal pot , the new range will be 0 - Hd to 100 - Hd ie., - Hd to 100 - Hd . Where H = the distance between the upper and lower tappings.

Control path
Transmitter

Input JB DCS

I/P Converter JB

Output