Breathing of engine Multi-valve Technology Relation between rpm and breathing

What is variable valve timing?

Normal Valve Timing vs Variable Valve Timing

Variable Lift Different Types of Variable Valve Timing and Variable Lift

Cam-Changing VVT + Variable Lift

Example - Honda's VTEC

Cam Phasing VVT

Continuous or Discrete Intake and Exhaust

Example : BMW's Vanos

Another Example : Toyota VVT-I

Macro illustration of the phasing actuator

Cam-Changing + Cam-Phasing VVT + Variable Lift Example: Toyota VVTL-I

Example 2: Porsche Variocam Plus

Example 3: Honda i-VTEC VVT's benefit to fuel consumption and emission

Continuous Variable Valve Lift (CVVL)

Example: BMW Valvetronic

Example: Nissan VVEL

Example: Toyota Valvematic

Four Stroke Engine Oils

General Overview
US Army Europe (ACEA) USA (API) ASIA (ILSAC)

Monogrades 1950s
Multigrades 1960s

Fundamental Principles
Tribological Task Cylinder Sludge, Soot, Abraded Particles and Corrosion Oil Filter Oil Flow

Viscosity Grades

Performance Specifications
Longer life in spite of higher thermal and
mechanical loads Improved emission characteristics by a cut in fuel consumption Lower oil related particulate emissions

Improved wear protection even in severe conditions

Formulation Of Engine Oils

Group 1
SN mineral oils with saturates < 90%, S>0.03%
No uniformity

Group 2
HC oils with saturates > 90%, S<0.03%
Fair to good performance in lubricating properties such as volatility, oxidative stability and extreme pressure wear control

 Group 3
HC oils with saturates>90%; VI>120, S<0.03%
Molecular uniformity, stability, mixing with additives to form synthetic and semi synthetic oils

Group 4
Polyalphaolefins
Chemically engineered synthetic base With additives offer excellent performance over a wide range of lubricating properties Very stable chemical compositions and highly uniform molecular chains

Group 5
Esters, Polyesters and others
Not used as base oils themselves, but add beneficial properties to other base oils.

Additives
Performance Additives
Antioxidants
Phenols, amines, phosphites and sulfurized substances Additives retard the degradation of the stock oil by oxidation.

Anti-wear agents
Metal dithiophosphate and carbamate Cause a film to surround metal parts, helping to keep them separated

 Detergents
Ca and Mg sulfonates, phenolates and salicylates To clean and neutralize oil impurities which would normally cause deposits (oil sludge) on vital engine parts.

Dispersants
Polyisobutylene and ethylene-propylene oligomers with nitrogen and or oxygen as a functional group Keep contaminants (e.g. soot) suspended in the oil.

 Friction modifiers
Alcohols, esters, fatty acid amides

Anti-misting agents
Silicone and acrylate Prevent the atomization of the oil.

Viscosity Improvers
Alkyl methacrylate

Soot Handling Piston Cleanliness Ring Sticking Black Death at Camshaft Black Sludge Wear TBN Depletion Fuel Efficiency Oil Consumption

Turbocharger Deposit