SELAMAT DATANG

The Concept of Action Research

Bogdan and Biklen (1982), action research is an inquiry which collects systematic information,with the aim to change or correct the social environment.

Kemmis (1982)
Asserted that action research is a selfreflective inquire, with the aim to acquire understanding and its rationale of how the actual situation occurs.

Hopkins (1985)
Action research refers to an inquiry which is undertaken by teachers in making a series of study towards the arisen problem in class. Believed that by taking a series of study, teachers will be able to correct weaknesses and inefficiencies in stages, until the aim of acquiring excel and perfect performance is achieved.

Working definition on AR
AR exist in situation in which: People make reflection and improve their own work in their own situation, Relating their reflection and action closely,and Make their experience public not only to other participants, but also to other people who are interested and concerned about work,situation,their theories,working practices and the situation;and

When a certain situation in which there is a clear increase. Participants themselves (or with the help of others) collect data relates with their own investigation or questioning. Participants (in problem posing and in answering question) Power-sharing, and to avoid hierarchical working practice towards industrial democracy practice;

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Collaboration among members of the group as a critical community; Self-reflection, self-evaluation and selfmanagement by autonomous and responsible persons and groups; Learning progressively (and publicly) from mistakes in a self-reflective spiral of planning, acting, observing, reflecting, replaning, and so on; and

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Reflection which supports the idea of the self -reflective practitioner

Characteristic of AR
It is usually carried out in a group and joint effort during the research process. Emphasizes the relationship between theory and practice. Aimed at forming community attitude so as to act as critics towards the environmental conditions and ownself, correct group work or ownself, and subsequently for the good of others.

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Consists of a spiral of own reflection which consists of four stages, i.e plan, observe, act, and reflect. The process of action research does not limit to or stop at one level of study only. It can be carried out in a few spiral levels if necessary, until the findings of the study has attained its optimal result.

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The research processes include the application and keeping of data and record systematically. The research is concentrating its effort to problem-solving in the classroom. It does not aim to prove hypothesis or make contribution to the study of science. Result of research is mainly used to improved the performance of teaching and learning activities in the classroom.

Aim and purpose of AR

Encourage teachers and educators to make reflection towards education. Narrow the gap between theory and practice in teaching and learning activities. Improve teaching skills and enables teachers to vary their teaching methods and techniques.

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Build up teachers confidence Provides opportunity for teachers to test their achievement forecast and teaching effectiveness in the class To upgrade their knowledge and image in the teaching profession.

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Result and findings of AR can be used as important reference materials not only for the particular teacher who conducted the research but also can be treated as a contribution of new idea to referred by colleagues and teachers of other school.

Principles of AR
The critical inquiry in action research is concerted effort of teachers and students who act as researchers and participants on the study of education problem that concerned them. The use of critical and reflective thinking is an important element for self evaluation and the source of education problem in the research.

Principles of AR
The collaborative principle ought to be emphasized so that all members can try to look for solution together on the common education problem, that also concerned other teachers in the school. AR should be carried out at the place where the education problem occurs, and by teachers concerned, who act as principal facilitators.

Principles of AR
During the process of AR, participating teachers should exchange opinions and share the result of their findings so as to achieve a consensus understanding from their discussion as well as to decide the final outcome.

Principles of AR
Position of researchers and all participants in the research should be equal. The practice of power sharing and the principle of democracy must be prevailed in all processes and activities of the research.

Principles of AR
AR should focus on one case (education problem) only at a time. During the AR process on a certain research if its objective or methodology is found unsuitable, researcher free to change it so that more appropriate one can be applied to the new situation.

Principles of AR
AC emphasizes scientific studies. The research summary is the result of combined effort, discussions and investigations among the group of teachers or researchers. Precise conclusion can only be obtained through a series of research activities and collaborative discussions.

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The AR activity does not end or stop in a particular case study only, but continue as a spiral of cycles of continuous activities in several levels, until the aim of obtaining optimum satisfactory result is achieved.

The roles of participants in AR

To identify and analyze problem contained in the curriculum or teaching activities. To plan and formulate appropriate strategy to solve teaching and learning problem. To implement and to asses the strategy used.

The roles of participants in AR

To evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. To make reflection on the findings of the research. To make precise conclusion based on research findings, identify new problems, and plan follow-up actions.

The roles of participants in AR

To carry out the second spiral (sometimes more than two), until the research progress has research progress has reached a satisfactory level of achievement.

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To make summary report of the research findings, and if necessary, prepare a research paper to forward and discuss in an organized seminar or conference, and later revise the research paper based on the result of discussion, so that it can be published in an education journal, with the aim to share the experience and result of findings with other interested educators and teachers.

THINKING MODEL OF STEPHEN KEMMIS Based on Kurt Lewiss Model Of Thinking

Modified for the purpose of educational problem study

Add the re-planning FIRST LEVEL SECOND LEVEL

Focus on research against one problem

Give clear guidance for teachers in T&L activity.

JOHN ELLIOT THINKING MODEL

Presents the Model of Action Research Process
More in detail and practical FIRST LEVEL SECOND LEVEL Suitable for trainee teachers and fresh graduate teachers

JACK WHITEHEAD RESEARCH SCHEME

Teacher plays on important role in the study

Thinks that Jack and Elliot schemes are not practical Stress on self evaluation

Introduce a research scheme in form of phrase and self evaluation process.

IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH ACTIONS

Teacher should always put effort in bringing changes and adaptation of the T&L techniques Mastering few basic methods.

EXAMPLES OF EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS FOR RESEARCH.

a) Usage of teaching materials

b) Usage of teaching strategy, method and techniques

c) Management of group activity d) Planning of remedial and enrichment e) Class management f) Discipline problem

4. Reflection

Research Theme First level: 3. Observation Teaching technique for Perimeter 1. Planning

2. Action

4. Reflection

Research Theme Second level: 3. Observation Teaching technique for Area 1. Planning

2. Action

4. Reflection

Research Theme Third level:

3. Observation

Teaching technique
for Volume

1. Planning

2. Action

Re-planning to Fourth Level, if necessary.

WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. kenalpasti masalah, team, objektif 2. Rancang & tentu strategy 3.Analysis, tarsier, kesimpulan 4.Laporan & tindakan

PROSES PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN

Peringkat: Satu: tinjauan Dua: perancangan Tiga: perlaksanaan Empat: refleksi

KEJAYAAN ?????
mesti mematuhi semua kriteria
berikut

Tindakan secara saintifik Rekod Teori pendidikan Tema kajian Kemahiran pemikiran reflektif

Perlaksanaan proses penyelidikan tindakan

Ungkapan & huraian Aktiviti dan amalan Perhubungan sosial & organisasi Hasil dapatan

Cara analisis, interpretasi, kesimpulan

Menyatakan data dlm bentuk statistik

Menganalisi data dari jadual atau perwakilan data Menginterpretasi dan tafsir data Kesimpulan dan cadangan

QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
Questionnaire is primary data that are collected through the use of structured questionnaire will be given to the respondents a t t h e s i t e s .

Example: The Effectiveness of Inquiry Methods in classroom School Name: Teacher Name: 1. How do you set your questions? A . B. C . D. 2. How is the group study? A.B.C.D. 3. Did you use teaching aids? If yes please state it.

QUESTIONNAIRE FORM

INTERVIEW
Interview is one of the method that can be used to collect data. There are few types of interview such as interview face to face, interview via telephone with the respondent

and focus group interviews

OBSERVATION
Data also can be gathered by observing a respondents behavior. Researcher will than study over the behavior. Researcher will record the action or event for subsequent use. Researcher should have a guideline about what he / she want to observe.

PREPARE A REPORT
Research report is the final stage of research process A proper research report should have: 1. Introduction to the research topic 2. Problem statement 3. Topic description 4. Objective and research purpose

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5. Research hypothesis 6. Research methodology 7. Data collecting techniques 8. Appendix 9. Data analysis, interpretation, conclusion 10. Recommendation 11. Bibliography 12. References