Module - 2

Computer Network

Networking - Bhawana Gupta

Data Communication
It is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of wired or wireless transmission medium There are five basic components in data communication Message Sender : is the one who sends the message Receiver : is the one who receives the message Transmission medium: transmission media is the medium through which the message has to be passed to reach the receiver. It may be via twisted wire cables, coaxial cables or by optical fibers. It can be unguided media ie wireless ie air Protocol: is the set or rules that govern the transmission
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Before Networking

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Networked Computers

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Combination of Wired & Wireless Network

Wired Wire-less

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3 options to network your computers

1. Both wired and wireless links are used to transmit voice and data 2. Wireless, also called Wi-Fi, means through the air, like a radio transmission. Data is transmitted in wireless links through electromagnetic waves (signals). 3. Wired, also known as Ethernet, means through wires. Data is transmitted in wired links through electric signals. .
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Wireless Network
Easy and Convenient
With wireless, there's no need to drill holes or run wires to join the network Just install the software on your desktop or laptop, add a wireless accessory, and you're ready to go Wireless users can travel from room to room, between floors, or even outside, almost anywhere, and remain connected
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Wired Network

Built for Speed

Wired networks are a must when data needs to transfer fast

Wired networks really zoom- supports data rates upto100 Mbps

They're easy to set up and simple to use, offering a combination of performance and consistent coverage in any area
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What is Networking
Networking is a way to connect to the Internet, printers, game consoles and other computers in your home or small office. A network lets you effortlessly transfer files, pictures, music and information - without using a disk or burning a CD. It also enables everyone in your home or office to share one broadband Internet connection, one printer, one scanner............ ..the list goes on and on. Networking is smart, efficient and cost effective. And it's easier than you think.
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What is a Computer Network

A Computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware devices connected together so that network users can share hardware , software and data as well as electronically communicate with each other The largest computer network in the world is the INTERNET

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Advantages of Computer Network

File Sharing The major advantage of a computer network is that is allows file sharing and remote file access. For Example, A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see the files present on the other workstation, provided he is authorized to do so. It saves the time which is wasted in copying a file from one system to another, by using a storage device. In addition to that, many people can access or update the information stored in a database, making it up-to-date and accurate
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Advantages of Computer Network

Resource Sharing Resource sharing is also an important benefit of a computer network. For example, if there are four people in a family, each having their own computer, they will require four modems (for the Internet connection) and four printers, if they want to use the resources at the same time. A computer network, on the other hand, provides a cheaper alternative by the provision of resource sharing. In this way, all the four computers can be interconnected, using a network, and just one modem and printer can efficiently provide the services to all four members.
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Advantages of Computer Network

Increased Storage Capacity As there is more than one computer on a network which can easily share files, the issue of storage capacity gets resolved to a great extent. A standalone computer might fall short of storage memory, but when many computers are on a network, memory of different computers can be used in such case. One can also design a storage server on the network in order to have a huge storage capacity.

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Advantages of Computer Network

Increased Cost Efficiency

There are many software's available in the market which are costly and take time for installation. Computer networks resolve this issue as the software can be stored or installed on a system or a server and can be used by the different workstations.

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Disadvantages of Computer Network

Security Issue One of the major drawbacks of computer networks is the security issues involved. If a computer is a standalone, physical access becomes necessary for any kind of data theft. However, if a computer is on a network, a computer hacker can get unauthorized access by using different tools. In case of big organizations, various network security softwares are used to prevent the theft of any confidential and classified data.
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Disadvantages of Computer Network

Rapid Spread of Computer Virus

If any computer system in a network gets affected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of other systems getting affected too. Viruses get spread on a network easily because of the interconnectivity of workstations. Such spread can be dangerous if the computers have important database which can get corrupted by the virus.
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Disadvantages of Computer Network

Expensive Setup

The initial set up cost of a computer network can be high depending on the number of computers to be connected. Costly devices like routers, switches, hubs, etc., can add up to the bills of a person trying to install a computer network. He will also have to buy NICs (Network Interface Cards) for each of the workstations, in case they are not inbuilt.

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Disadvantages of Computer Network

Dependency on Main File Server

In Case the main File Server of a computer network breaks down, the system becomes useless. In case of big networks, the File Server should be a powerful computer, which often makes it expensive.

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Components of Computer Network

Network Interface Card (NIC) Gateway Hub Router Repeater Switch Bridge Wi-Fi Bluetooth
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Components of Computer Network

Token Ring Ethernet Multiplexer

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Network Interface Card (NIC)

Network Interface Card ( NIC) is a hardware device that allows a computer to connected to a network, both functionally and physically. It connects client, servers and peripherals to the networks through a port Most network interface come as small circuit board that can be inserted onto computers motherboard slots Network interface cards are critical in determining the speed and performance of a network
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Gateway
A gateway is hardware or software that acts as a bridge between two networks so that data can be transferred between a number of computers. It is a device that connect to dissimilar network, such as two networks using different networking communication protocols. For example, when you send an e-mail to a friend or when you log in to a Web site, there is a gateway that allows the connection take place. Often, your connection to a Web site will involve many smaller connections to other servers along the way. In these cases, a number of gateways are used.
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Bridge
Bridge is a device that connects two networks based on similar technology- such as a LAN in one city and a similar LAN in another. It allows division of a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks
It monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can pass packets of information to the correct locations It examines each packet as it enters though one of the ports
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Router
A hardware device designed to take incoming packets, analyzing the packets and then directing them to the appropriate locations, moving the packets to another network, converting the packets to be moved across a different type of network interface, dropping the packets, or performing any number of other types of actions. Routers are used in LANs,WANs and the internet.
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Repeater
An It object that increases a signals strength so it can be transmitted and received over a greater distance without a loss in quality

All network cable standards have maximum cable length specification

If the distance between two network devices is longer than this specification, a repeater is needed to regenerate the signal For example two sections in a network are connected by the repeater
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Hub
A hub is a small box that connects individual devices on a network so that they can communicate with one another The hub operates by gathering the signals from individual network devices, optionally amplifying the signals, and then sending them onto all other connected devices A hub can be thought of as the centre of a bicycle wheel, where the individual computers meet
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Switch
A switch is a multi-port bridge. It connects individuals devices on a network so that they can communicate with one another. It is capable of inspecting the data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding that packet appropriately This allows each node on the network to use the full capacity of the network.

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Communications Protocol
Communications Protocol is the set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and error detection required to send information over a communications channel. An example of a simple communications protocol adapted to voice communication is the case of a radio dispatcher talking to Mobile stations. Communication protocols for digital computer network communication have features intended to ensure reliable interchange of data over an imperfect communication channel. Communication protocol is basically following certain rules so that the system works properly.
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Communications Protocol
Common Protocols Ethernet and Token Ring (wired networks) Bluetooth and Wi-Fi (wireless) TCP/IP (Internet)

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Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity refer to the technology surrounding the Radio trammission of Internet Protocol data for an Internet connection wirelessly to a host Computer .

How a Wi-Fi Networks Works.

Basic concept is Walkie-Talkie. A Wi-Fi hotspots is created by installing an access point to an internet connection. An access point acts as base station When Wi-Fi enable device encounters a hotspot the device can then connect to that network wirelessly. .
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Wi-Fi

A single point access can support up to 30 users and can function with in a range of 100-150 feet indoors and upto 300 feet outdoors. Many access point can be connected with each other via Ethernet cables to create a single large network.

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Bluetooth

wireless technology using radio waves frequency band of 2.4GHz designed for short range communication (less than 10 meters) appropriate for communication between mobile devices, computer and peripheral devices. Speed upto 3Mbps Two Bluetooth enabled devices recognize each other and establish a piconet. 8 devices can use the same piconet One device Master and others slaves
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Token Ring
LAN protocol developed by IBM Used with ring networks Uses a packet Token (data + address) Token carries data to recipient. If token is free, any computer can take it and attach message to it and send it. Eliminates collision. Speed 4-16 Mbps

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Ethernet
Most widely used in wired networking protocol developed in 1970 Used in LANs Speed 10Mbps 10Gbps Ethernet uses a set of procedures known as CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Detection)

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Multiplexer
Combines the transmissions from various devices and sends them as one message.
A multiplexer takes several data communication line or signals, and converts them into one data communication line or signals at the sending end. For example: The multiplexer takes the signals from the four terminals and converts them into one large signal that is transmitted over one communication line. Then, at the receiving end, another multiplexer breaks the single large signal into the four original signals. Without multiplexers , four separate communication lines would be required.
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Types of Network
LAN (Local Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network ) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network )

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Wired Network Transmission Media

The most common types of wired transmission media are :
1. Twisted-pair Cable 2. Coaxial Cable 3. Fiber-optic Cable

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Wireless Network Transmission Media

The most common types of wireless transmission media are : 1. Broadcast Radio Transmissions 2. Microwave Transmissions 3. Satellite Transmission

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Network Topologies
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types: 1. Bus 2. Ring 3. Star 4. Mesh 5. Tree

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