Professional Documents
Culture Documents
References:
Human Factors in Engineering & Design: Sanders & McCormick Human Factors Essentials : Peggy & Barry Tillman Introduction to Ergonomics: R S Bridges Fundamentals of Industrial Ergonomics: B Mustafa Pulat
Chapter I : TOPICS
Evolution of Human Factors Introduction & Definitions Assumptions & Significance Applications Man-Machine-Environment Interaction System, Types & Characteristics Systems Approach to Human Factors
Solution: Human Factors is the process of designing for human use : Child Car Safety Seat
Definitions
Websters:
An applied science concerned with characteristics of people that need to be considered in designing and arranging things that they use in order that people & things will interact most effectively and safely.
Psychologists:
HF is the body of knowledge about human abilities, human limitations & other human characteristics that are relevant to design.
Definitions (Contd.)
Polish Educator on Ergonomics:
Ergon = Work ; Nomos = Laws
Laws governing work
General definition:
HF is the study of the interactions between human beings & objects they use and the environment in which they function
The Central focus: Consideration of human beings in the design of objects, machinery & environments.
The Objectives: Increase the effectiveness of ManMachine system while maintaining human wellbeing. The Central Approach: Systematic application of available data on human characteristic to design of system / procedures.
ERGONOMICS
WELL-BEING
ASSUMPTIONS IN ERGONOMICS
Linking efficiency of person-object system - If person cannot work effectively, the system efficiency is also degraded People achieve more when motivated Objects, equipments, environment characteristics influence human performance.
COMPENSATION PAID INCREASING mostly due to back injuries & over exertion Training & Education helps reduce negative impact.
NIOSH : National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (conducts research to support OSHA) MSHA : Mine Safety & Health Administration
(OSHAs equivalent in mining activity)
Cognitive:
Refers to the information overload or under load in information processing requirements (memory strain)
Musculoskeletal:
Refers to the strain to the muscular & skeletal systems (slipped disc)
Psychomotor:
Refers to the strain to the psychomotor system human capabilities & redefinition of job Note: Stress under each case must be analyzed separately & remedial package suggested. Education & Training - improves / extend human capabilities, create awareness and avoid damages.
An Organization with over 1500 employees to have a full-time HF Expert to handle complex HF problems (IIE study) Interest of study ranges vastly layouts & seating, manual material handling hand tool design to software design, Job evaluation to training.
Business Offices:
Comfortable Physical environment lighting, ventilation, noise control, layout Improve informal atmosphere
Man-Machine-Environment Interaction
Application of Human engineering principles used in the design not exactly
science, but an approach to problems of designing & constructing things people use comfortably, efficiently and with less fatigue.
Analyze recognition
Man-Machine-Environment Interaction
Functions as a closed loop system Comprising combination of human beings and components one or more each interacting to produce some desired output Machine a device that is physically verifiable or a facility with certain function Welding machine, Hair Drier. Systems less delineate or marked out & more amorphous or vague or formless like a hospital service.
Man-Machine-Environment Interaction
Man-Machine Interaction
Display Unit displays current Machine status Reception of Data - Receptors Operator Mind / Brain Analyzes information Decision making on control action
MAN
MACHINE
Perceived Information
Displays
Information Processing
Controls
Human Operator
Feedback
ELEMENTS OF MAN-MACHINE SYSTEM (Contd.) Environment: Effect of environment on other system elements to be considered. Types of environment: Social: Task pressures, Isolation, group dynamics. Physical: Illumination, Noise, Vibration, Heat, Cold.
Human / Operator:
Human operator assisted with equipment carry out task. They complement one another. Human variables to be considered by designers: Age, physique, gender, training & education.
Task:
Also called as System objective. Clearly defined. Central to all elements.
Human
Task
parameters
to
be
assessed:
(Assuming equipment perform properly) Speed of performance, strength requirements, accuracy requirements and task sequencing.
TYPES OR CLASSES OF SYSTEMS Contd. Mechanical Systems: (machine) Semi automatic systems. Power & other functions by machines. Better repeatability. Well integrated parts. Designed to operate with less vibrations. Human function essentially Controls the functions or power delivered by the m/c.
Profit from past experience & alter course of action Inductive reasoning
Operate in environment hazardous to humans Performance rapid and complex computation accurately
Perform even when overloaded Sensitive to stimuli beyond the range of humans
Perform different tasks at the same time Perform deductive processes
Characteristics of Systems
1. Systems are purposive: Exists for accomplishing goal or objective else systems would be collection of odds & ends. 2. Systems can Hierarchical: Part of a larger system, concept of sub-systems. When one analyses a complex system, one may question: Where does one start and stop? Depends How far into the system should one go? As far as one could go.
Information Input
System Output
SYSTEMS APPROACH
Systematic study involve covering minute aspects large details
Frequently, not possible to approach from right the beginning (some decisions already taken) Systematic Approach applicable to even minor modifications/additions to old system
Human tasks to be provided with certain minimal permissible errors or be made fault tolerant.
Designer to review the resource (Man & M/c) allocation & its optimal use by Time planning.
Selection:
Applicants should be exposed to situations of job requirement through well designed tests, only those possessing skill are to be selected, else it may lead to injury to operator or the people around.
Follow-up: Periodic follow up be carried out on personnel after actual job assignment for some time.
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2. INITIAL DESIGN
ITERATE
Joint Tasks
Task Analysis
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Contingency Analysis
Manpower Planning
Time Plans
Error Analysis
Drawings
Mock ups
Templates
Quantitative Techniques
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5. OPERATIONAL PHASE
Field Test
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