Presented by

T venkatesh 08f31a04b8 Under the guidance of Mr L Jagadeesh Naik

.Since 1970s wireless network become popular as it

enables mobility. There are currently 2 variations of mobile network

Infrastructured network. A mobile adhoc network is a infrastructure less network

allows us to communicate emergency search & rescue operations.

Infrastructure less network.

It is one of the most vibrant & active new fields today is

that of adhoc network

 Definition:- An ad-hoc mobile network is a collection of mobile

nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis.

MANETs are self-forming, self-maintained, and self-healing,

allowing for extreme network flexibility

A MANET consists of mobile platforms (e.g., a router with

multiple hosts and wireless communications devices) known as"nodes"--which are free to move about arbitrarily.

It differs from traditional centralized wireless network as MANET has

No centralized control.
Nodes itself has to provide routing and MAC layer functions.

Dynamic topologies.
Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links.

Energy-constrained operation.
Limited physical security.

IP-Layer Mobile Routing .

MANET Routing Protocol Performance Issues.

The following is a list of quantitative metrics that can be used to assess the performance of any routing protocol.

End-to-end data throughput and delay. Route Acquisition Time. Efficiency.

Factors affecting efficiency of a protocol:

Average number of data bits transmitted/data bit

delivered. Average number of control bits transmitted/data bit delivered

 The following factors measure the performance of a protocol. Network size.

Topological rate of change. Link capacity. Fraction of unidirectional links. Network connectivity. Traffic patterns. Mobility. Fraction and frequency of sleeping nodes.

The desirable qualitative properties of MANET routing protocols are given below.

Distributed operation. Loop-freedom. Demand-based operation. Security. "Sleep" period operation. Unidirectional link support.

Here Every mobile node in the network maintains a routing table. Table contains:-

All of the possible destinations within the network. The number of hops to each destination are recorded. Each entry is marked with a sequence number assigned by the destination node.

Update table can be sent in 2 ways

Full dump.

Incremental update.
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 The Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP)

is a table-based protocol with the goal of maintaining routing information among all nodes in the network.

Each node in the network is responsible for maintaining

four tables:

Distance table Routing table.

Link-cost table. Message retransmission list (MRL) table.

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The protocol consists of two major phases:

Route discovery and Route maintenance

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Fig (a) Foot creation (showing link direction assignment)

(b)Route maintance (showing link reversal phenomenon) in TORA.

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Fig-Route Maintenance for Source and Destination Movement in ABR.

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SSR selects routes based on the signal strength between nodes and on a node's location stability. This route selection criteria has the effect of choosing routes that have stronger" connectivities. SSR can be divided into two cooperative protocols:

Dynamic Routing Protocol (DRP) and Static Routing Protocol (SRP).

The DRP is responsible for the maintenance of the Signal Stability Table (SST) and the Routing Table (RT). The SRP processes packets by looking up the destination in the RT and then forwards the packet. 17

wireless networks can be deployed in either infrastructure-based mode or on an ad-hoc basis. Although work is being done and prototype protocols are available for experiments, mobile ad-hoc networks still have difficulties. While some basic network control functions and routing procedures have been developed, many other issues require attention. Rapidly changing topology, network partitions, higher error rates, collision interference, bandwidth constraints, and power limitations together pose new challenges in network control; especially in the design of higher level Protocols for routing and in implementing applications with quality of service requirements.

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THANK U !!!