What is Science?

Objects and Properties

Physical Science is concerned with making sense out of the physical environment.
The early stages of this search for sense usually involve objects in the environment, things that can be seen or touched.

 Concept is a generalized mental image of objects. Your concept of an object is an idea of what it is or what it should be according to your idea.

 Properties are the qualities or attributes that, taken together, are usually peculiar to an object. Referent means that you refer to, or think of, a given property in terms of another more familiar objects.

Quantifying Properties
Measurement is a process of comparing a property to a well-defined and agreed-upon referent.
Unit is the well-defined and agreed-upon referent.

Measurement Process
1. Comparing the referent unit to the property being describe. 2. Following a procedure, or operation, which specifies how the comparison is made. 3. Counting how many standard unit describe the property being considered. * A measurement always tells you how much of what.

Measurement Systems
When standards are established the referent unit is called standard unit. Two Major System of Standard Unit 1. English System is a system of measurement that originally used sizes of parts of the human body as a referent. 2. Metric System a system of referent units based on invariable referents in nature that have been defined as standards.

The International System of Units, IS, is a modernized version of the metric system. It was established by the French Academy of Sciences in 1971.

The SI system has seven base units that define the standards for the properties of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and light intensity.

Standard Units for the Metric System

Fundamental properties cannot be defined in simpler terms other than to describe how it is measured. The four fundamental properties are (1) length, (2) mass, (3) time, and (4) charge. * The four fundamental properties will describe or measure what you observe in nature.

Length

The standard unit for length in the metric system is meter. It is the distance that light travels in a vacuum during a certain time period, 1/299,792,458 second.

Mass
The standard unit for mass in the metric system is kilogram. It is the mass of a certain metal cylinder kept by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. Inertia is a property where objects tend to maintain their state of rest or straight-line motion. * The mass of an object is a measure of the inertia of an object. The weight of the object is a measure of the force of gravity on it.

Time
The standard unit for time is second. The second was originally defined as 1/86,400 of a solar day (1/60 * 1/60 * 1/24). The new definition is based on atomic clock, has a referent for a second that is provided by the characteristic vibrations of the cesium-133 atom, adopted in 1967.

Data
Data is the measurement information used to describe something.
* Volume is how much space something occupies. * Area means the extent of a surface.

Density Ratio
Ratio is a relationship between two numbers that is obtained when one number is divided by another number. Density is mass per unit volume. mass (m) Density (p) = ---------------volume (V)

Example
Illegal ivory is sometimes detected on the basis of density. What is the density of sample ivory whose volume is 14.5 cm3 and mass is 26.8 g? m 26.8 g D = ------ = ------------- = 1.85 g/cm3 v 14.5 cm3

Example
Cobalt is a hard magnetic metal that resembles iron in appearance. It has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. What volume would 17.8 g of cobalt have? m 17.8 g V = ---- = ---------------- = 2 cm3 D 8.90 g/cm3

Symbols and Equations

Quantities or measured properties includes the numerical value of the measurement and the unit used in the measurement. Symbols provide a clue about which quantity they represent. Equation a statement that describes a relationship where the quantities on one side of the equal sign are identical to the quantities on the other side.

Equations are used to (1) describe a property, (2) define a concept, or (3) describe how quantities change relative to each other.
Variable a specific quantity of an object or event that can have different values.

 Direct proportion is an increase or decrease in one variable results in the same relative increase or decrease in a second variable. Inverse proportion means one variable increase while a second variable decrease in the same ratio.

 Proportionality constant is a constant applied to a proportionality statement that transforms the statement into an equation. Usually represented by k. Numerical constant is a constant without units.

The Nature of Science

The early seekers of understanding are known as natural philosopher, and they observed, thought about, and wrote about the workings of all nature. They are called philosophers because their understanding came from reasoning only, without experimental evidence.

The Scientific Method

A scientific method provides understanding through experimental evidence as opposed to the conjectures based on the thinking only approach of the ancient natural philosopher.

Explanations and Investigations

Explanation can come from the results of the experiments, from an educated guess, or just an imaginative thinking. A hypothesis is a tentative thought- or experiment-derived explanation. It must be compatible with observations and provide understanding of some aspect of nature, but the keyword is tentative.

Testing a Hypothesis
An experiment is a re-creation of an event or occurrence in a way that enables a scientist to support disapprove a hypothesis. Controlled experiment compares two situations in which all the influencing factors are identical except one. Control group is the situation used as the basis of comparison. Experimental variable the single influencing factor that is allowed to be different in the experimental group.

Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience (pseudo means false) is not science, but it uses the appearance or language of science to mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity.

Laws and Principle

Scientific law describes an important relationship that is observed in nature to occur consistently in time after time. Basically, it describe what happens in nature. Scientific principle describes a more specific set of relationships than is usually identified in a law.

Models and Theories

Model is a description of a theory or idea that accounts for all known properties. Theory is a broad working hypothesis that is based on extensive experimental evidence. Scientific theory tells you why something happens. It is reserved for historic schemes of thought that have survived the test of detailed examination for long periods of time.

Question #1
It is a concise statement about fundamental relationship nature? a.) Hypothesis b.) Law c.) Theory d.) Experiment the

Question #2
How many base units are there in the International System of Units? a.) four b.) five c.) six d.) seven

Question #3
What combination of units expresses density?
a.) mass/time3 b.) mass/kg3 c.) mass/length3 d.) mass/m3

Question #4
It is concerned with making sense out of the physical environment. a.) Natural Science b.) Chemistry c.) Physical Science d.) Physics

Question #5
Qualities or attributes that, taken together, are usually peculiar to an object is called? a.) Properties b.) Variables c.) Conjecture d.) Experiment

Question #6
It literally means that you refer to
a.) Referent b.) Properties c.) Scientific Method d.) Measurement

Question #7
What is the process of comparing a property to a well-defined and agreed-upon referent? a.) Proportionality Constant b.) Numerical Constant c.) Measurement d.) Scientific Law

Question #8
What provides the understanding, through and experimental evidence? a.) Theory b.) Scientific Investigation c.) Hypothesis d.) Model

Question #9
What is an experiment-derived explanation?
a.) Hypothesis b.) Model c.) Pseudoscience d.) Theory

Question #10
What do you call a recreation of an event?
a.) Experiment b.) Model c.) Theory d.) Quantities

Question #11
What is the description of a theory or idea that accounts for all known properties? a.) Density b.) Experimental Variable c.) Ratio d.) Model

Question #12
It describes a more specific set of relationships than is usually identified in a law. a.) Scientific Principle b.) Length c.) Volume d.) Area

Question #13
This are variables that increase or decrease together in the same ratio. a.) Physical Science b.) Pseudoscience c.) Direct Proportion d.) Indirect Proportion

Question #14
What do you call the quantities that can have different values at different times? a.) Referent b.) Model c.) Scientific Investigation d.) Variables

Question #15
It usually means an explanation or idea based on speculation. a.) Ratio b.) Conjecture c.) Unit d.) Concept

Question #16
What do you call a generalized-mental image?
a.) Concept b.) Fundamental Properties c.) Control Group d.) Fundamental Properties

Question #17
What is the mass of 24.9 cm3 of a limestone that has a density of 2.72 g/cm3? a.) 55 g b.) 65.15 g c.) 58.97 g d.) 67.73 g

Question #18
What provides a clue about the quantity they represent? a.) Symbols b.) Equation c.) Density d.) Concept

Question #19
What system of measurement originally used sizes of parts of the human body as a referent?

a.) English System b.) Metric System c.) SI d.) Variables

Question #20
What is the density of a piece of concrete that has a mass of 8.76 g and a volume of 3.07 cm3? a.) 5 g/cm3 b.) 2.85 g/cm3 c.) 2.35 g/cm3 d.) 1.85 g/cm3

Question #21
What system of referent units based on invariable referents in nature that have been defined as standards?
a.) English System b.) Metric System c.) SI d.) Variables

Question #22
What is a constant without units?
a.) Data b.) Density c.) Volume d.) Numerical Constant

Question #23
What do you call a constant applied to a proportionality statement that transforms the statement into an equation? It is usually represented by k. a.) Proportionality Constant b.) Numerical Constant c.) Experimental variable d.) Time

Question #24
What do you call the relationship between two numbers that is obtained when one number is divided by another number? a.) Constant b.) Data c.) Ratio d.) Mass

Question #25
What statement that describes a relationship where the quantities on one side of the equal sign are identical to the quantities on the other side? a.) Direct Proportion b.) Numerical c.) Fundamental Properties d.) Equation

1. b 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. a

6. a 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. a

11. d 12. a 13. c 14. d 15. b

16. a 17. d 18. a 19. a 20. b

21. b 22. d 23. a 24. c 25. d

Magic Colored Milk

What you need: 2% or whole milk food coloring dishwashing liquid cotton buds plate

How to do it
1) Pour enough milk onto a plate to cover the bottom. 2) Drop food coloring onto the milk. 3) Dip a cotton swab in dishwashing detergent liquid. 4) Touch the coated swab to the milk in the center of the plate. 5) Don't stir the milk; it isn't necessary. The colors will swirl on their own as soon as the detergent contacts the liquid

OPTICAL ILLUSIONS

Pointing Fingers Optical Illusion

Which forefinger points exactly to the middle of the shapes height? Would you go with finger A, finger B or both at the same time?

Rotate Zoom
The four circles seem to move when the viewer's head is moving forwards and backwards while looking at the black dot.

Disappearing Colors
Simply stare at the black dot in the middle of the picture for 15 seconds, and gradually all the colored clouds will disappear. The picture is not changing at all, and if you look away, you will immediately see that the colored clouds are still there.

Psychedelic Screen-melt Illusion

Can you really believe the image is static, and that the motion is just an illusion? Try opening it in full-size to experience the effect in its full glory.

The illusions is simple all you have to do is see the cat rotate in both directions. At first you may think its impossible, but after some practice youll soon be able to switch the direction with each round. (Concentrate on the tail).

Spinning Cat Optical Illusion

Presented By:
De Jesus, Maria Czarina P. Lumaban, Sharlene T. Amando, Mary Sunshine D. Espidol, Caroline BSBAMG-2A

Submitted To:

Dr. Corazon Andoy