Professional Documents
Culture Documents
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
2 / 3
1
1
4 h
y
Y
bh
M
Y
Note at y
Y
=h/2, you get on-set at yield, M = M
Y
And at y
Y
=0, you get fully plastic moment, M = 3/2 M
Y
(7)
To write this in terms of M vs 1/ rather than M vs y
Y
, note
that the yield curvature (1/)
Y
can be written as (see eqn (1))
2 /
1
h
Y
Y
c
= (8)
Where c
Y
is the strain at yield. Also since the strain at y
Y
is -c
Y
, we can write
Y
Y
y
c
=
1
(9)
Combining (8) and (9) gives
1
) 1 (
2 /
Y Y
h
y
=
(10)
Substitution into (7) gives the result we seek:
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
) 1 (
3
1
1
2
3
Y
Y
M M
(11)
M
1/
EI
1/
Y
M
Y
Loading
EI Unloading
1/R
0
1/R
1
Eqn(11)
Elastic unloading curve
(
=
1
1 1
) 1 ( R
M
M
Y
Y
(12)
Now, eqns (12) and (13) intersect at 1/ = 1/R
0
Hence,
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
2
0 1 0
1
) 1 (
3
1
1
2
3 1 1
) 1 ( R
M
R R
M
Y
Y
Y
Y
\
|
=
(
hE
Y
R
hE
Y
R R
(13)
New developments
Tailored blanks
Binder force control
Segmented dies
Quick exchange of dies
Alternative materials; cost issues
The Shape Control Concept
Conventional Tooling
Tool
Pallet
Parking Lot
60 Ton Matched Discrete Die
Press(Robinson et al, 1987)
Tool Setup
Actuators
Programmable
Tool
Passive
Tool
Press Motion
Cylindrical Part Error
Reduction
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4
P A R T C Y C L E
0
0 . 2
0 . 4
0 . 6
0 . 8
1
1 . 2
1 . 4
1 . 6
R
M
S
E
r
r
o
r
[
x
0
.
0
0
1
i
n
.
]
M A X
R M S
S Y S T E M E R R O R T H R E S H O L D
M
A
X
I
M
A
L
S
H
A
P
E
E
R
R
O
R
[
x
0
.
0
0
1
i
n
.
]
Large Scale Tool
6 feet
Stretch Forming with Reconfigurable
Tool @ Northrop Grumman
Stamping and TPS:
Quick Exchange of Dies
Ref. Shigeo Shingo, A Revolution in Manufacturing:
The SMED System Productivity Press. 1985
Simplify, Organize, Standardize,
Eliminate Adjustments,
Convert Internal to External Set-Ups
Standard fixtures
Alternative materials for auto
body panels
Comparison
Steel Vs SMC
$0.35/lb
0.03 thick
7.6 lb
40% scrap
$4.25 matl cost
400/hr
5 workers
$18.90/hr (Union)
$0.24 labor cost
$5,000,000 equipment
$900,000 tools
$7.71 unit cost at 100,000 units
$0.65/lb
.0.12 thick
7.0 lb
6% scrap
$4.84 matl cost
40/hr
$12.50/hr (non-Union)
$0.63 labor cost
$1,200,000 eqipment
$250,000 tools
$7.75 unit cost at 100,000 units
Ref John Busch
Cost comparison between sheet steel
and plastics and composites for
automotive panels ref John Busch
Environment
punching Vs machining
hydraulic fluids and lubricants
scrap
energy
painting, cleaning
Steel can production at Toyo Seikan
See Appendix D; http://itri.loyola.edu/ebm/
Summary
Note on Historical Development
Materials and Basic Mechanics
Aerospace and Automotive Forming
New Developments
Environmental Issues
Solidworks and Metal Forming your Chassis
Readings
1. Sheet Metal Forming Ch. 16 Kalpakjian (3
rd
ed.)
2. Economic Criteria for Sensible Selection of Body
Panel Materials John Busch and Jeff Dieffenbach
3. Handout from Shigeo Shingo, The SMED System
4. Steps to Building a Sheet Metal Chassis for your
2.810 Car Using Solidworks, by Eddy Reif
5. Design for Sheetmetal Working, Ch. 9 Boothroyd,
Dewhurst and Knight