By Group 14

*
Propagation of TX Signal
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
With low time-resolution,
different signal paths cannot be discriminated.

These signals sometimes strengthen,
and sometimes cancel out each other,
depending on their phase relation.
This is fading.

In this case, signal quality is damaged
when signals cancel out each other.
In other words, signal quality is dominated
by the probability for detected power
to be weaker than minimum required level.
This probability exists with less than two paths.
Time
P
o
w
e
r

Detected Power
Fading in CDMA System ...
Because CDMA has high time-resolution, different path delay of
CDMA signals can be discriminated.

Therefore, energy from all paths can be summed by adjusting
their phases and path delays.
This is a principle of RAKE receiver.
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
CDMA
Receiver
CDMA
Receiver

S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n

A
d
d
e
r

Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

CODE A
with timing of path-1
path-1
P
o
w
e
r

path-1
path-2
path-3
Path Delay
P
o
w
e
r

CODE A
with timing of path-2
path-2
interference from path-2 and path-3

Time
P
o
w
e
r

Detected Power
Less fluctuation of detected power,
because of adding all energy .
Three kinds of systems: BER performance
S/N
BER
Frequency-selective channel
(no equalization or Rake)
Flat fading channel
AWGN
channel
(no fading)
Frequency-selective channel
(equalization or Rake)
BER floor
To start with: multipath channel
in which case the received (equivalent low-pass) signal is of
the form
Suppose a signal s

(t) is transmitted. A multipath channel
containing L paths can be presented (in equivalent low-pass
signal domain) in form of its impulse response
( )
1
0
( ) ( ) ( )
m
M
j
m m
m
r t s t h t a e s t
|
t

=
= - =

( )
1
0
( )
m
M
j
m m
m
h t a e t
|
o t

=
=

.
Impulse Response Measurement
RAKE Receiver Block Diagram
Another Block Diagram
Delay
Rake finger processing
T
dt
}

E

Received
signal
To
MRC
T
dt
}
( )
i
f t
Stored code sequence
(Case 1: same code in I and Q branches)
I branch
Q branch
I/Q
Output of finger: a complex signal value for each detected bit
Rake finger processing
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
i n
L
j j
i i n n
n
n i
r t z t v t w t
a e s t a e s t w t
| |
t t
=
=
= + +
= + +

Correlation with stored code sequence has different impact on

different parts of the received signal
= desired signal component detected in i:th Rake finger
= other signal components from other paths causing
interference
= other codes causing interference (+ noise ... )
( )
z t
( )
v t
( )
w t
Rake finger processing
Illustration of correlation (in one quadrature branch) with desired
signal component (i.e. correctly aligned code sequence)
Desired component
Stored sequence
After multiplication
Strong positive/negative correlation result after integration
1 bit 0 bit 0 bit
Rake finger processing
Illustration of correlation (in one quadrature branch) with some
other signal component (i.e. non-aligned code sequence)
Other component
Stored sequence
After multiplication
Weak correlation result after integration
1 bit 0 bit
Delay
Rake finger processing
T
dt
}
Received signal
T
dt
}
Stored I code sequence
(Case 2: different codes in I and Q branches)
I branch
Q branch
I/Q
Stored Q code sequence
i
|
To MRC for
I signal
To MRC for
Q signal
Required: phase
synchronization
( )
i
f t
Phase synchronization
I/Q
i
|
When different codes are used in the
quadrature branches (as in practical
systems such as IS-95 or WCDMA),
phase synchronization is necessary.
Phase synchronization is based on information within received
signal (pilot signal or pilot channel).
Signal in I-branch
Pilot signal
Signal in Q-branch
I
Q
Note: phase
synchronization must
be done for each
finger separately!
Maximum Ratio Combining of Symbols
Is the optimal form of diversity
combining because it yields the
maximal SNR achievable.
It requires the exact
knowledge of SNRs as well as the
phases of the diversity signals
The output symbols from different
RAKE fingers are multiplied with
complex conjugate of the channel
estimate and the result of
multiplication is summed together
into the combined symbol
QPSK in WCDMA carries
information in phase
MRC corrects channel phase
rotation and weights components
with amplitude
estimate.
Weighting
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) means weighting each Rake
finger output with a complex number after which the weighted
components are summed on the real axis:
3
1
i i
j j
i i
i
Z a e a e
| |
=
=

Component
is weighted
Phase is
aligned
Rake finger output
is complex-valued
real-valued
(Case 1: same code in I and Q branches)
Instead of phase
alignment: take
absolute value of
finger outputs ...
Maximum Ratio Combining
Output signals from the Rake fingers are already phase aligned
(this is a benefit of finger-wise phase synchronization).
Consequently, I and Q outputs are fed via separate MRC circuits
to the quaternary decision circuit (e.g. QPSK demodulator).
(Case 2: different codes in I and Q branches)
Quaternary
decision
circuit
Finger 1
Finger 2
MRC
E
MRC
E
:
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q

Rake Receiver Conclusions

RAKE receiver attempts to collect the time-shifted
versions of the original signal by providing a separate
correlation receiver for each of the multipath signals
RAKE receiver uses several baseband correlators to
individually process several signal multipath
components
The correlator outputs are (MRC) combined to
achieve improved communications reliability and
performance
RAKE receiver is used in CDMA based systems such
as IS-95 and WCDMA
Pre-Rake Technique
The pre-rake system is proposed for Time division duplex (TDD)
application.
The pre-rake is attracting the attention for wireless portable
communication due to achieving the same diversity gain of a rake
receiver but using an ordinary matched filter at the receiver of
the UE.






This fact decrease the complexity of the mobile portable unit
and matches the low power requirement at the receiver.
Problem of using
Rake Receiver at
UE
Pre-Rake Concept
During the uplink, the base station estimates the channel impulse
response (delays and gains) of the multipath channel.
Since a TDD system uses the same carrier frequency in both
the uplink and the downlink, the channel impulse response is
almost the same in both directions.
During the downlink the previously estimated parameters are
used in transmitting the signal via the pre-rake transmitter.
This is done by transmitting L signals (L is number of
resolved paths) each having one of the previously estimated
parameters in the uplink.
When the signal is convolved with the channel impulse
response it produces a strong peak at the o/p of the channel which
is equivalent to the rake receiver output.
Thus the portable unit does not need to estimate the channel
impulse response and can only use one matched filter to get o/p
Pre-Rake Technique Benefits
UE now use only one Matched filter
so less complexity.
UE now doesnt need to make hard channel
estimation
so less power consumption.
This technique doesnt mean removing Rake
receiver from BTS for example
as it is not an issue if BTS has complexity and
power consumption.
Pre-rake is used effectively in conjunction with
the CDMA/TDD technique.

Example of Simulated Results
Pre-Rake vs. Rake for random
& Orthogonal Codes
having Processing gain = 64:
and number of users=20
and number of rake and
pre-rake paths is
equal to 5
Rake is better for
Orthogonal codes.
Pre-rake is better for
random codes .