Wave

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Chapter Presentation Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
Visual Concepts
Chapter Menu
Chapter 10
The Energy of Waves
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Nature of Waves
Section 2 Properties of Waves
Section 3 Wave Interactions
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Resources
Chapter 10
Bellringer
What do you think of when you hear the word wave? Write a brief description in your science journal of what you think a wave is. Then write a short paragraph describing a time you might have experienced waves.
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Chapter 10
Objectives
Describe how vibrations in materials set up wave disturbances that spread away from the source.
Distinguish between waves that require a medium and waves that do not. Explain the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves.
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Chapter 10
Wave Energy
A wave is any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or empty space.
Energy can be carried away from its source by a wave. However, the material through which the wave travels does not move with the energy.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
Wave Energy, continued

Vibrations and Waves A repetitive, back-and-forth motion of an object is called a vibration.
Vibrations set up wave disturbances in a material, and the waves spread away from the source of vibration. A vibrating particle passes its energy to a nearby particle. In this way, energy is transmitted through a material.
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Chapter 10

Energy Transfer Through a Medium Most waves transfer energy by the vibration of particles in a medium. A medium is a substance through which a wave can travel. Sound waves, water waves, and seismic waves all need a medium through which to travel.
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Chapter 10

Energy Transfer Without a Medium Visible light waves, microwaves, radio waves, and X rays are examples of waves can transfer energy without going through a medium.
These waves are electromagnetic waves. Although electromagnetic waves do not need a medium, they can go through matter.
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Chapter 10
Types of Waves
Transverse Waves are waves in which the particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling. Transverse waves are made up of crests and troughs. Water waves, waves on a rope, and electromagnetic waves are examples of transverse waves.
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Chapter 10
Types of Waves, continued

Longitudinal Waves are waves in which the particles vibrate back and forth along the path that the waves moves.
Longitudinal waves are made up of compressions and rarefactions. Waves on a spring are longitudinal waves.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10

Sound Waves are longitudinal waves. Sound waves travel by compressions and rarefactions of air particles, as shown below.
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Chapter 10

Surface Waves: Combinations of Waves A transverse waves and a longitudinal wave can combine to form a surface wave. Surface waves look like transverse waves, but the particles of the medium move in circles rather than up and down.
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Chapter 10
Bellringer
Draw a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave in your science journal. Label the parts of each wave.
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Chapter 10
Objectives
Identify and describe four wave properties. Explain how frequency and wavelength are related to the speed of a wave.
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Chapter 10 Amplitude
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum distance that the particles of a medium vibrate from their rest position. A wave with a large amplitude carries more energy than a wave with a small amplitude does.
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Chapter 10
Wavelength
A wavelength is the distance between any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave.
A wave with a shorter wavelength carries more energy than a wave with a longer wavelength does.
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Chapter 10
Frequency
Frequency is the number of waves produced in a given amount of time. Frequency is usually expressed in hertz (Hz). One hertz equals one wave per second. If the amplitudes are equal, high-frequency waves carry more energy than low-frequency waves.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
Wave Speed
Wave Speed is the speed at which a wave travels. Wave speed (v) can be calculated using wavelength () and frequency (f), by using the wave equation, which is shown below: vf
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
Wave Speed, continued

Frequency and Wavelength Relationship Frequency and wavelength are inversely related. So, if one value is doubled, the other value will be cut in half. The wave speed of a wave in a certain medium is the same no matter what the wavelength is. So, the wavelength and frequency depend on the wave speed, not the other way around.
Chapter 10
Characteristics of a Wave
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Chapter 10
Bellringer
Write the symbols v, f, and in your science journal. What does each symbol stand for? How does each symbol relate to the other two symbols? Draw a diagram if it helps.
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Chapter 10
Objectives
Describe reflection, diffraction, and interference. Explain how different media affect wave speed and cause refraction. Compare destructive interference with constructive interference. Describe resonance, and give examples.
Chapter 10
Reflection
Reflection happens when a wave bounces back after hitting a barrier. Light waves reflecting off an object allow you to see that object. A reflected sound wave is called an echo. Waves are not always reflected when they hit a barrier. A wave is transmitted through a substance when it passes through the substance.
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Chapter 10
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of a wave as the wave pass from one medium to another at an angle.
When a wave moves from one medium to another, the waves speed and wavelength changes. As a result, the wave bends and travels in a new direction.
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Chapter 10
Refraction, continued
Refraction of Different Colors When light waves from the sun pass through a water droplet or a prism, the light is refracted. But the different colors in sunlight are refracted by different amounts, so the light is spread out into its separate colors.
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Chapter 10
Diffraction
Diffraction is the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening. The amount of diffraction of a wave depends on its wavelength and the size of the barrier or opening the wave encounters.
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Chapter 10
Interference
Interference is the result of two or more waves overlapping.
Constructive Interference happens with the crests of one wave overlap with the crests of another wave or waves. The troughs of the waves also overlap. The result is a new wave that has a larger amplitude than the original waves had.
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Chapter 10
Interference, continued
Destructive Interference happens with the crests of one wave and the troughs of another wave overlap. The new wave have a smaller amplitude than the original waves had.
When the waves involved in destructive interference have the same amplitude and meet each other at just the right time, the result is no wave at all.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
Standing Waves are waves that appear to be standing still. A standing wave only looks as if it is standing still. Waves are actually going in both directions. In a standing wave, certain parts of the wave are always at the rest position because of total destructive interference. Other parts have a large amplitude because of constructive interference.
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Chapter 10
The frequencies at which standing waves form are called resonant frequencies.
Resonance happens when an object vibrating at or near the resonant frequency of a second object causes the second object to vibrate. An example of resonance is shown on the next slide.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
The Energy of Waves
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. transverse frequency waves longitudinal wave speed amplitude energy medium
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Chapter 10
The Energy of Waves
Concept Mapping, continued
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Chapter 10
The Energy of Waves
Concept Mapping, continued
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End of Chapter 10 Show
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Chapter 10 FCAT
Standardized Test Preparation
For the following questions, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
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Chapter 10
1. The amount of energy a wave carries depends partly on the waves amplitude and wavelength. Which of the following waves has the largest amplitude and the shortest wavelength?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chapter 10
1. The amount of energy a wave carries depends partly on the waves amplitude and wavelength. Which of the following waves has the largest amplitude and the shortest wavelength?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chapter 10
2. Ocean waves in deep water often travel in groups of the same wavelength. The image below shows a group of waves.
Explain one way to compare the energy of different waves in the same group.
Chapter 10
2. Explain one way to compare the energy of different waves in the same group. Full-credit answers should include the following points: The energy carried by a wave is related to its amplitude and its wavelength. In a group of waves that have the same wavelength, the amplitude of the waves may vary. More energy is needed to move water further away from its resting position. Therefore, a wave with a larger amplitude carries more energy than a wave with a smaller amplitude carries.
Chapter 10
3. Some ocean waves are measured as traveling 45 kilometers (km) in one hour. In two minutes, 15 of these waves pass an observer on an island. Calculate the wavelength of these waves in meters (m).
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Chapter 10
3. Some ocean waves are measured as traveling 45 kilometers (km) in one hour. In two minutes, 15 of these waves pass an observer on an island. Calculate the wavelength of these waves in meters (m).
100 m
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Chapter 10
4. The diagram below shows the use of a black light. Black lights emit ultraviolet light, which is not visible to humans. After the energy from a black light is absorbed by specially designed inks, the energy is reemitted by the inks as visible light.
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Chapter 10
4. continued
Part A. Identify the forms that energy takes as tif flows through this system. Describe each conversion of energy. Part B. Give two reasons why the energy received by the eye is less than the energy supplied at the electrical outlet.
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Chapter 10
4. continued
Part A. The energy entering the system is electrical energy. This electrical energy is converted into ultraviolet light and thermal energy by the black-light bulb. The ultraviolet light is converted into visible light energy by the special ink. The visible light is received by the human eye. Part B. Reason 1: Energy is lost to the surroundings during every energy conversion. For example, electrical energy is lost as thermal energy in the black-light bulb. Reason 2: Only some of the energy emitted by the black-light bulb reaches the special inks because the ultraviolet light energy spreads in all directions away from its source. For the same reason, only some of the visible light energy emitted by the inks reaches a persons eye.
Chapter 10
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Chapter 10
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How to Use This Presentation

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Standardized Test Prep

Image and Math Focus Bank

The Energy of Waves

Section 3 Wave Interactions

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Wave Energy, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Wave Energy, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Wave Energy, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Types of Waves, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Types of Waves, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 The Nature of Waves

Types of Waves, continued

Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

Wave Speed, continued

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Section 2 Properties of Waves

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Section 3 Wave Interactions

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Section 3 Wave Interactions

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Section 3 Wave Interactions