Unit-3

Computer Graphics

In computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, in files or memory.

Vector images are made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so they always render at the highest quality. Objects may consist of lines, curves, and shapes with editable attributes such as color, fill, and outline. Changing the attributes of a vector object does not effect the object itself.

A representation, consisting of rows and columns of dots, of a graphics image in computer memory. The value of each dot (whether it is filled in or not) is stored in one or more bits of data. For simple monochrome images, one bit is sufficient to represent each dot, but for colors and shades of gray, each dot requires more than one bit of data. The more bits used to represent a dot, the more colors and shades of gray that can be represented. The density of the dots, known as the resolution, determines how sharply the image is represented. This is often expressed in dots per inch (dpi ) or simply by the number of rows and columns, such as 640 by 480. To display a bit-mapped image on a monitor or to print it on a printer, the computer translates the bit map into pixels (for display screens) or ink dots (for printers). Optical scanners and fax machines work by transforming text or pictures on paper into bit maps. Bit-mapped graphics are often referred to as raster graphics. The other method for representing images is known as vector graphics or object-oriented graphics. With vector graphics, images are represented as mathematical formulas that define all the shapes in the image. Vector graphics are more flexible than bit-mapped graphics because they look the same even when you scale them to different sizes. In contrast, bit-mapped graphics become ragged when you shrink or enlarge them. Fonts represented with vector graphics are called scalable fonts , outline fonts , or vector fonts. Bit-mapped fonts, also called raster fonts, must be designed for a specific device and a specific size and resolution.

 Common bitmap formats include: BMP GIF JPEG, JPG PNG PCX TIFF PSD (Adobe Photoshop) Popular bitmap editing programs are: Microsoft Paint Adobe Photoshop Corel Photo-Paint Corel Paint Shop Pro The GIMP All scanned images are bitmaps, and all images from digital cameras are bitmaps.

Key points about BITMAP IMAGES

Pixels in a grid Resolution dependent Resizing reduce quality Easily converted Restricted to rectangle Minimal support for transparency

 Vector images are made up of many individual, scalable objects. These objects are defined by mathematical equations rather than pixels, so they always render at the highest quality. Objects may consist of lines, curves, and shapes with editable attributes such as color, fill, and outline. Changing the attributes of a vector object does not effect the object itself.

Vector and Bitmap Differences--vector images are not confined to a rectangular shape.

Vector graphics
Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based on mathematical expressions, to represent images in computer graphics. "Vector", in this context, implies more than a straight line. Vector graphics is based on images made up of vectors (also called paths, or strokes) which lead through locations called control points. Each of these points has a definite position on the x and y axes of the work plan. Each point, as well, is a variety of database, including the location of the point in the work space and the direction of the vector (which is what defines the direction of the track). Each track can be assigned a color, a shape, a thickness and also a fill. This does not affect the size of the files in a substantial way because all information resides in the structure; it describes how to draw the vector. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is the best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is the best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.

Bitmap versus vector graphics

http://www.prepressure.com/library/fileformats/bitmap-versus-vector

Key points about VECTOR IMAGES

Scalable Resolution independent No background Cartoon-like Inappropriate for photo-realistic images Metafiles contain both raster & vector data

Graphics Software
Some graphics software are :
Photoshop Illustrator Paint shop PRO Corel DRAW The GIMP Digital Image Suite ACD See Picasa

What does CAD/CAM mean?

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of a wide range of computer-based tools that assist engineers, architects and other design professionals in their design activities. It is the main geometry authoring tool within the Product Lifecycle Management process and involves both software and sometimes special-purpose hardware. Current packages range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of a wide range of Product Lifecycle Management computer-based software tools that assist engineers, in the manufacture of product components. 3D models of components generated in CAD software are used to generate CNC code to drive numerical controlled machine tools. This involves the engineer in selecting what type of tool, machining process and paths that are to be used. Please see the web pages for more details on Computer aided design and Computer aided manufacturing. Source(s): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-ai

Pros and Cons of CAD and CAM?

CAD Advantages: Accurate, precise, & immediately alterable. Anybody can do the design work (anybody, anywhere who can access the design). Computer Modeling can test stress failure/ efficiency CAD Disadvantages Have to train people to use the software Expensive Implementation CAM Advantages Precise, allowing tighter tolerances for machine work. Hugely more efficient Consistent results (every one is the same) Less waste Fewer people to pay CAM disadvantages VERY expensive implementation, High maintenance costs

Common vector formats

AI ( Adobe Illustrator) CDR (CorelDraw) CMX(Corel Exchange) CGM(Computer Graphics Metafiles) DXF AutoCAD WMF Windows Metafiles AI ( Adobe Illustrator) CDR (CorelDraw) Xara Xtreme Serif Draw Plus

Vector Drawing programs

Types of Graphics Software

The two main categories are pixel-based image editors & vector-based image editors Image Management Software Image Viewers Batch Processing Tools Web & Animation Software Icon & Cursor Editors Diagramming Software

Graphics File Format

FILE TYPE QUICK SUMMARY

GIF
JPEG

Indexed color file, for raster (pixmap) data only. Primarily for synthetic, somewhat flat images such as logos, diagrams, navigation buttons, etc.
Compressed, lossy file format, for raster (pixmap) data only. Mostly for photo-type images on the Web. Can hold RGB data; many compression levels and other options available. The newest of the three major Web graphics file formats, with more features than GIF or JPEG. Prepress file format for raster data like photos, etc. Common but Windows-only raster format. Photoshops native file format. Adobes attempt at a universal file format. Screen display on Macintosh or printing to non-PostScript printer

PNG TIFF BMP PSD PDF PICT