Digital Transmission

Line Coding

Line Coding Schemes Some Other Schemes

Line coding

Signal level versus data level

DC component

Example 1
A signal has two data levels with a pulse duration of 1 ms. We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = 1/ 10-3= 1000 pulses/s Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 2 = 1000 bps

Example 2
A signal has four data levels with a pulse duration of 1 ms. We calculate the pulse rate and bit rate as follows:

Pulse Rate = = 1000 pulses/s Bit Rate = PulseRate x log2 L = 1000 x log2 4 = 2000 bps

Lack of synchronization

Example 3
In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster than the sender clock. How many extra bits per second does the receiver receive if the data rate is 1 Kbps? How many if the data rate is 1 Mbps?

Solution
At 1 Kbps: 1000 bits sent 1001 bits received1 extra bps At 1 Mbps: 1,000,000 bits sent 1,001,000 bits received1000 extra bps

Line coding schemes

Note: Unipolar encoding uses only one voltage level.

Unipolar encoding

Note: Polar encoding uses two voltage levels (positive and negative).

Types of polar encoding

Note: In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent upon the state of the bit.

Note: In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered.

NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding

RZ encoding

Reference level ZERO is ONE is

Note: A good encoded digital signal must contain a provision for synchronization.

Manchester encoding

Note: In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for both synchronization and bit representation.

Differential Manchester encoding

Note: In differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used only for synchronization. The bit representation is defined by the inversion or noninversion at the beginning of the bit.

Note: In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.

Bipolar AMI encoding

Block Coding

Steps in Transformation Some Common Block Codes

Block coding

Substitution in block coding

Table : 4B/5B encoding

Data Code Data Code

0000
0001

11110
01001

1000
1001

10010
10011

0010
0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

10100
10101 01010 01011 01110 01111

1010
1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

10110
10111 11010 11011 11100 11101

Table : 4B/5B encoding (Continued)

Data Code

Q (Quiet) I (Idle) H (Halt) J (start delimiter) K (start delimiter) T (end delimiter)

00000 11111 00100 11000 10001 01101

S (Set) R (Reset)

11001 00111

Data transmission