WELCOME

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER CIRCUITS

IN THIS PRESENTATION
Concept and History of Nanotechnology Why Nanotechnology? Applications of Nanotechnology

Applications to Computer Circuits

Benefits and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?

Nanotechnology is the creation and use of materials or devices at extremely small scales. 1 nm = 0.000000001 m

NANOTECHNOLOGY FORETOLD

Concept first introduced by American physicist Richard P. Feynman (19181988) Calculated that an encyclopedia set could be compressed to fit the head of a pin. Predicted several aspects in todays nanotechnology

Advanced microscopes Developments in fabrication methods Possibilities of atom-to-atom assembly

TOOLS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY

The main tools used in nanotechnology are three main microscopes

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

Uses high-energy electron beam to probe material with thickness < 100 nm. Some electrons are absorbed or bounced off object; some pass through the object and make magnified images Digital camera records images.

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (AFM)

Use small silicon tip as probe to make images of sample material Probe moves along surface Electrons of atoms in sample repel those in probe Creates 3-D images

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM)

Uses nanosized probe to scan objects and materials Uses tunneling to detect surface and creates a map of surface Rate of electrons that tunnel from probe to surface related to distance between probe and surface

OTHER USES FOR TOOLS

Microscopes used for imaging and manipulating nanostructures Arms in AFMs and STMs used to move around individual atoms Scientists at IBM made this image using an STM to with iron atoms into a circular structure

COMPUTER CIRCUITS

Computer circuits are small pieces of semiconducting material containing an electronic circuit. Most commonly used in computers Consists of as many as millions of transistors.

Nanotechnology is applied to the reduction in the size of these computer circuits!!!

METHODS OF DEVELOPING COMPUTER CIRCUITS

The most common method of fabricating computer circuits is the top-down method
Thin films of materials, which make up a mask, are deposited on a silicon wafer Unnecessary portions are etched off

BENEFITS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
In

the computer world, nanotechnology is important to the development of small computer circuits that can reduced the size of computers.

DISADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Safety hazards with nanomaterials Some studies detected possible cancer-causing properties of carbon nanotubes Some nanomaterials bounded with other materials or components

EFFECTS ON SOCIETY

Nanotechnology is already useful as a tool in health care research. In January 2005, researchers at the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology used 'optical tweezers' - pairs of tiny glass beads are brought together or moved apart using laser beams - to study the elasticity of red blood cells that are infected with the malaria parasite (see Tiny tools tackle malaria). The technique is helping researchers to better understand how malaria spreads through the body.

ANY QUERIES ????

BY V.SAI PRANEETH ECM D1 ROLL NO : 11311A1960