Future of Data Communication

Objective
A wide but shallow overview of the reasons, issues, proposed mechanisms, and protocols involved in successfully deploying IPv6

Internet Protocol
Transports a datagram from source host to destination, possibly via several intermediate nodes (routers) Service is: Unreliable: Losses, duplicates, out-of-order delivery Best effort: Packets not discarded capriciously, delivery failure not necessarily reported Connectionless: Each packet is treated independently

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What is an IP address?
Each host on a TCP/IP network is uniquely identified at the IP layer with an address. An Internet Protocol (IP) address specifies the location of a host or client on the Internet. The IP address is also known as Protocol address The IPv4 address is 32 bits long The IPv6 address is 128 bit long

IP Address

IPv4 Address Scheme

This is how the IPv4 address is seen by a machine on internet 11001010000011100100000000000001 For human understanding the 32 bits of IP address are separated into 4 bytes of 8 binary digits Each binary byte is converted into decimal and is separated by a dot hence also known as Dotted Decimal Notation How we see an IP address? 202.14.64.1
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IPv4 Address Scheme

32 Bits Network 8 Bits 8 Bits Host 8 Bits 8 Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

In decimal the address range is 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 The IP address is of the form <networkID,hostID>
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Internet Registry (IR)

An Internet Registry is an organisation that is responsible for distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for registering those distributions. IRs can be classified as:

Internet Registries
IANA

ARIN

APNIC

AFRINIC

RIPE NCC

LACNIC

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Problems of IPv4
Addressing problem
Routing Crisis End to End security

Implementation of QoS . Mobility

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Private Address Space

IANA has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private internets (RFC 1918):
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
24-bit block Complete class-A network number

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
172.0001/0000.0.0-172.0001/1111.255.255 Set of 16 contiguous class-B network numbers

192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
16-bit block
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IPv6 Drivers:
IPv4 Address Exhaustion
IPv4 addresses particularly scarce in Asia
Some U.S. universities and corporations have more IPv4 address space than some countries

Imminent demise of IPv4 address space predicted since mid 1990s NAT, DHCP,CIDR has slowed that demise 70% of Fortune 1000 companies use NAT*

*Source: Center for Next Generation Internet NGI.ORG

NAT Causes Problems

Breaks globally unique address model Breaks address stability Breaks always-on model Breaks peer-to-peer model Breaks some applications Breaks some security protocols Breaks some QoS functions Introduces a false sense of security Introduces hidden costs
IPv6 = plentiful, global addresses = no NAT

Depletion of IPv4 address

IPv4 address pool is diminishing rapidly.

Total IPv4 address space is 232 . Out of this, Class-A network occupies 50% of entier IPv4 address space. Class-B network occupies 25% of total IPv4 address. Class-C occupies 12.5% And Class-D & E occupies 6.25% each.

Depletion of IPv4 address Some big companies in USA like MIT, Apple Computer Inc., General Electric Company, Ford Motor Company, IBM, Xerox and even Pharmaceutical Firms Eli Lily and Company, Merck and Company hold a significant portion of class-A address. IETF has predicted that even with CIDR the IPv4 space will be exhausted by the year 2012.

Routing problem As the number of network increases, the routing table becomes longer. And the longer routing Table means routing time will be lengthy. The backbone routers in the internet carrying explicit routes for over 110000 different network addresses.

Limitations in implementation of QOS

QOS means to deliver end to end service with certain set of performance parameters. The service quality parameters can be bandwidth Availability, packet loss, delay and jitter. In IPv4 QOS can not be introduced, though there Is TOS field(8bits).

IPv6 Drivers: Mobile IP

Mobile nodes must be able to move from router to router

without losing end-to-end connection

Home address: Maintains connectivity
Care-of address: Maintains route-ability

Mobile IP will require millions or billions of care-of addresses

IPv6 Drivers:
Peer-to-Peer Networking
The network is the computer Sun Microsystems Every host is a client and a server
That is, a consumer and a producer

A group of nodes actively participating in the computing process

P2P:

IPv6 Drivers: Peer-to-Peer Networking

The Internet has evolved into a Services in the

Middle model Information and services flow primarily toward the user Contributing factors:
Commercial interests
NAT breaks network
Consume r

Consume r

SERVICES
Consume r Consume r Consume r Consume r Consume r

transparency

IPv6 Drivers: Peer-to-Peer Networking

Online gaming will be an early driver Current gaming market in U.S. $210M $1.8B by 2005* (>100% PA growth) Gamers account for 10% of U.S. broadband market** 271B ($2.2B) industry in Japan by 2006*** 114 million gamers online by 2006**** Millions of on-line gamers in Japan and Korea Microsoft investing $2B in XBox Live Present online gaming mostly

client/server

Forced by insufficient IPv4 addresses Creates bandwidth bottlenecks

* Source: NCSoft **Source: ISP-Planet.com ***Source: Nomura Research Institute ****Source: DFC Intelligence

IPv6 Drivers: Internet-Enabled Devices

Internet-enabled appliances Electrolux Screen fridge Samsung Digital Network Refrigerator Internet-enabled automobiles Already available in many luxury cars Interesting research being conducted in Japan

IPv6 Drivers: Internet-Enabled Devices

Internet-enabled ATMs Fujitsu Series 8000 Infonox, Western Union conducting pilot program Smart sensors Bioelectronics

IPv6 Drivers: Conclusion

The common factor in all cases is:

MORE IP ADDRESSES

For billions of new users For billions of new devices For always-on access For transparent Internet connectivity the way it was meant to be

Benefits of IPv6
1.Huge address space 2.No fragmentation 3.QOS can be implemented efficiently 4.Stateless Autoconfiguration 5.Mobility 6.Performance

IPv6 Features
Hierarchical address architecture
Improved address aggregation

More efficient header architecture

Improved routing efficiency, in some cases

Neighbor discovery and autoconfiguration

Improved operational efficiency Easier network changes and renumbering Simpler network applications (Mobile IP)

Integrated security features

IPv6

No more room in IPv4

Quite empty in IPv6

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Huge address space

In IPv6 128 bits are used to locate a host or node.

Total IPv6 address space is 2128 = 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses =340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,356 = 67 billion billion addresses per cm2 of the planet surface
where as in IPv4 it is 4,294,967,296

How big IPv6 address space ?

Earths surface area is 5.1x108 square Kilometer and IPv6 address space is 3.4x1038, means over 1024 addresses per square meter of the earths surface. --thats roughly 15 billion Ipv4 Internets per sq cm of earths space.
----So, if all the IPv6 space was the size of earth, then you could fit IPv4 in 73.142 cubic centimetres. ----if all the IPv4 space would fit in an iPod, then all the IPv6 space is the size of the entire Earth.

Text Box

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IPv6 Features
Larger address space

Efficient IP header and datagram Mandatory features

Larger Address Space

From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables: Global reachability: No hidden networks, hosts All hosts can be reachable.

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Larger Address Space

From 32 bits to 128 bits addresses enables: End-to-end security can be used Flexibility Multiple levels of hierarchy in the address space

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Larger Address Space

"Plug and play" By autoconfiguration

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Larger Address Space

Aggregation

Multi-homing

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No fragmentation
In IPv4 the source or a router is required to fragment If the size of the datagram is larger than the MTU. In IPv6, Fragmentation is end to end, not in middle. The source which is responsible for Fragmentation has two choices :1) It can either use Guaranteed minimum MTU of 576 Byte (for V4) or 1280 Byte ( for V6) or smaller. or 2) Perform Path MTU discovery to identify the minimum MTU along the path upto destination. In either case, source fragments the datagram, so that each datagram is less than expected path MTU.

Efficient Routing

QOS can be implemented efficiently

In IPv6 header, Traffic class Field and Flow label Field manage QOS in efficient manner.

Performance
Each equipment in IP N/W can be given unique IP address and can be monitored. NAT can be avoided , hence IP security can be implemented end to end and delay for NAT can be avoided. Routing table will be minimum. QOS can be given. Due to Auto-configuration & Mobility seamless data transfer will be ensured.

Efficient IP header and datagram

Less number of fields enables: Routing efficiency Performance Forwarding rate scalability Extensibility of header Better handling of options No checksum Flow label

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IPv6 Addressing

The syntax
Written as eight groups of four hexdecimal digits(2 octets)

each.

2001:0000:1234:0000:0000:C1C0:ABCD:0876 Leading zeros may be dropped 2001:0:1234:0:0:C1C0:ABCD:0876 Successive fields of 0 double colon :: 2001:0:1234::C1C0:ABCD:0876 But only Once !

Types of IPv6 Addresses

Like IPv4 Unicast

Uniquely identifies a interface of an IPv6 nodee. A packet sent to a unicast address is delivered to the interface identified by that address. Identifies a group of IPv6 interfaces(belonging to different nodes) .A packet sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address. An identifier for a set of interfaces (typically belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces identified by that address (the "nearest" one, according to the routing protocols' measure of distance).

Multicast ( one to many communication)

Anycast: (one to one of many communication)

Aggregatable Global Unicast Address

Structure:
001 Global Routing Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID

48 bits

16 bits

64 bits

128 bits as the total 48 bits prefix to the site 16 bits for the subnets in the site 64 bits for host part

Aggregatable Global
Structure:
001 TLA RES NLAs SLA Interface ID

48 bits

16 bits

64 bits

128 bits as the total 48 bits prefix to the site 16 bits for the subnets in the site 64 bits for host part

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Unicast Address Formats

Global address

Multicast address:- A packet sent to a the subscribed nodes only. A multicast address is an identifier for a group of nodes, identified by the high-order byte FF, or 1111 1111 in binary notation

Multicast assigned Addresses

Some reserved multicast addresses:
Address Scope Use

FF01::1
FF01::2 FF02::1 FF02::2

Interface-local
Interface-local Link-local Link-local

All Nodes
All Routers All Nodes All Routers

FF05::2
FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx

Site-local
Link-local

All Routers
Solicited-Node

Anycast
One-to-one of many communication, with delivery to a single (nearest ) interface: great for discovery functions Anycast addresses are indistinguishable from unicast addresses
Allocated from the unicast addresses space Some anycast addresses are reserved for specific uses

Few uses:
Router-subnet MobileIPv6 home-agent discovery discussions for DNS discovery

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Special Addresses
The unspecified address The unspecified address has a value of

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 and is therefore also called the allzeros address. It is comparable to 0.0.0.0 in IPv4. It indicates the absence of a valid address, and it can, for example, be used as a source address by a host during the boot process when it sends out a request for address configuration information. :: It should never be statically or dynamically assigned to an interface, and it should not appear as a destination IP address or within an IPv6 routing header.

Special Adresses
The loopback address The IPv4 Ioopback address, 127.0.0.1,It is helpful in

troubleshooting and testing the IP stack because it can be used to send a packet to the protocol stack, without sending it out on the subnet. With IPv6, the loopback address works the same way and is represented as 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, abbreviated ::1. It should never be statically ordynamically assigned to an interface.

IPv4 Address and IPv6 equivalents

IPv4 Address
Internet address classes Multicast addresses (224.0.0.0.0/4) Broadcast addresses

IPv6 Address
Not application in IPv6 IPv6 multicast addresses (FF00::/8) Not applicable in IPv6

Unspecified addresses is 0.0.0.0

Loopback address is 172.0.0.1 Public IP addresses Private IP addresses (10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12) APIPA addresses ( 169.254.0.0/16) Text representation: Dotted-decimal notation Prefix representation: subnet mask in dotted-decimal notation or prefix length notation.
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Unspecified address is ::
Loopback address is ::1 Global unicast addresses Unique local (FD00::/8) or site-local addresses (FEC0::/10) (deprecated) Link-Local addresses (FE80::/64) Text representation: colon hexadecimal format with suppression of leading zero and zero compression Prefix representation: prefix length notation only.

Methods of Configuration of the Host

Manual Host Configuration Auto

Autoconfiguration

Stateful

Stateless

DHCPv6

IPv6

IPv6 Address Example

An IPv6 address can have different states

Tentative address- This is an address that has not yet been defined ie the state prior to the assignment Preferred Address-This is an address that has been defined to an interface & can be used without any restriction. Deprecated address-The address whose life time is about to expire & no longer be used as a source address for newly established connection

IPv6

Interface Identifier
The last 64 bits of IPv6 unicast addresss are for

the interface identifier which is unique for a 64 bits subnet prefix. In IPv4, hosts ID are of variable length depending upon the subnetting scheme whereas in IPv6 Inteface ID is of fixed length as 64 bits It can be derived from the EUI-64 (Extended Universal Identifier) It might have a temporarily assigned ,randomly generated interface identifier to provide a level of anonymity

IPv6

IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64

IPv6 uses the extended universal identifier (EUI)64 format for generating interface identifier EUI-64 is a new type of MAC address for network adapters. This format expands the 48-bit MAC address to 64 bits by inserting FFFE into the middle 16 bits. To make sure that the chosen address is from a unique Ethernet MAC address, the universal/local (U/L bit) is set to 1 for global scope (0 for local scope).

IPv6

Stateless Auto-configuration Example

MAC address: 00:0A:AC:01:09:1C

EUI 64 Address: 20A:ACFF:FE01:91C

Some OS compute random number using MAC to create 64bit unique Interface Id (masking MAC) The prefix for link-local addresses is FE80::/64. Local Link Address becomes FE80::20A:ACFF:FE01:91C/64

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

Router Solicitation is sent on FF02::2 (All Router Multicast Address) and Advertisement sent on FF02::1 (All Node Multicast Address)

Source : FE80::20A:ACFF:FE01:91C/64 Destination: FF02::2

Source : Router Interface Address Destination: FF02::1

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

Following steps are performed , when node is autoconfigured.
A link local address is generated by using link local prefix FE80::/64 by appending interface identifier(EUI-64 ). It is in tentative state. The node joins the multicast group (FF02::1) the all node multicast group A neighbor solicitation message is sent out with the tentative address as the target address If a neighbor advertisement message is received , indicates that another node is on the local link is using the tentative address & the address autoconfiguration stop & manual configuration must be performed.

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

If no neighbor advertisement message is received ,the tentative link local address is assumned to be unique & valid & then asssigned to the interface. The state of the address changes to PREFFERED
In order to determine the Router ,the host sends a router solicitation message to the all router multicast group FF02::2 ie request all routers connected to the link to send a router advertisement message for prefix information All routers on the link reply with a router advertisement & host generate an address by combining the prefix with the interface identifier.

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

Router periodically send RA. Host sends a router solicitation message to request an immediate RA rather than waiting the next RA If no RA message is received, the host uses the address configuration protocol to obtain address & other configuration parameters.

If RA is received , the hop limit, MTU, reachacle time etc. parameters are set.

Stateless Autoconfiguration
Stateless Address Configuration (IP Address,

Default Router Address)

Routers sends periodic Router Advertisement Node gets prefix information from the Router

advertisement and generates the complete address using its MAC address
Global Address=Link Prefix + EUI 64 Address Router Address is the Default Gateway

Stateless Autoconfiguration Example

Using Link-Local Address, Router Solicitation is sent by Host on FF02::2 (All Router Multicast Address)

Router sends Advertisement on FF02::1 (All Node Multicast Address)

If Global Unicast Network Prefix given by Router is 2001:db8::23:1/64, The Global Unicast Address Becomes: 2001:db8::23:1 :20A:ACFF:FE01:91C/64

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Migration from IPv4 to IPv6

Transition Mechanisms
A wide range of techniques have been identified and implemented, basically falling into three categories:
(1) Dual-stack techniques, to allow IPv4 and IPv6 to co-exist in the same nodes and networks (2) Tunneling techniques, to allow IPv6 only end stations to communicate over IPv4 only networks. (3) Translation techniques, to allow IPv6-only nodes to communicate with IPv4-only nodes

All of these to be used, in combination

Dual Stack Approach

This allows all the end hosts and intermediate network devices (like routers, switches, modems etc.) to have both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks. IPv4 applications use the IPv4 stack, and IPv6 applications use the IPv6 stack. This will allow both IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist and slow transition from IPv4 to IPv6 can happen. Many commercial operating systems already have dual IP protocol stacks . The dual-stack mechanism is the most extensively employed transition solution.

Dual Stack Approach

If both the end stations support IPv6, they can communicate using IPv6; otherwise they will communicate using IPv4.

IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnels

This will allow IPv6 only end stations to communicate over IPv4 only networks. i.e. IPV6 at the ends & IPV4 in the middle

Tunneling is encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets for transport over IPv4 only network.
IPv6 Packet

IPv4 Packet

IPv6 over IPv4 Tunnels

When ipv6 packet passes through ipv4 network then ipv6 packet is encapsulated in an ipv4 packet as if ipv6 packet is the datagram of ipv4. When it comes out of the region, ipv6 packet leaves the capsule. To make it clear that the ipv4 packet carries ipv6 packet as data, protocol value is 41

IPv6

IP6-IP4 Translation
This allows communication between IPv4 only and IPv6 only end stations. The job of the translator is to translate IPv6 packets into IPv4 packets by doing address and protocol translation and vice versa.

IPv6

IP6-IP4 Translation
It is used when most of the internet is ipv6 but some systems still ipv4. One end ipv6 other end is ipv4. In this case the ipv6 header is translated to ipv4 format

IP6-IP4 Translation

Transition Summary
Dual stacks connects IPv4/IPv6 nodes to IPv4-only nodes or IPv6-only nodes Tunnelling connects IPv6 islands together through an IPv4 network Translation is used for connecting IPv4only to IPv6-only

Thank You