SOLAR CELL

GROUP MEMBERS: SITI MARDIAH BT MOHD BAHARI SALMIZA BT ZAINAL ABIDIN NORHARYAN ERDAYU BT SAHAR NOOR HAJAH SANITA BT MOHD SATAR

SOLAR CELL

SOLAR CALCULATOR

A semiconductor device that converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy.

Also called photovoltaic cell.

A solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

The photovoltaic effect is the creation of voltage or electric current in a material upon exposure to light.
Electrons are transferred between different bands within the material, resulting in the buildup of voltage between two electrodes.

Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon.

Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms, causing an electric potential difference. Current starts flowing through the material to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction.

An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.

SUNLIGHT

P-type silicon

PN-junction

N-type silicon

 When N-doped and P-doped semi- conductors are placed together to form a junction, electrons migrate into the P-side and holes migrate into the N-side.

The first of these three layers necessary for energy conversion in a solar cell is the of N type semiconductor. The next layer in the structure is the core of the device; this is the absorber layer, the P-N junction. The last of the energy-conversion layers is the back junction layer P-type semiconductor.

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1838

EDMUND BECQUEREL observed and published finding about the nature of materials to turn light into energy.

1860-1881

AUGUSTE MOUCHOUT was the first ,am to patent a design for a motor running on solar energy. He designed a device(turned solar energy mechanical steam power )

1873

WILLOUGHBY SMITH make the experimented with the use of selenium solar cell after discovering its sensitivity to light while testing material for underwater telegraph cables.

1876 1878

WILLIAM ADAMS, wrote the first book about Solar Energy called A Substitute for Fuel in Tropical Countries. He experimented with the use of mirrors and was able to power a 2.5 horsepower steam engine. His design, know as the Power Tower concept, is still in use today.

1883

CHARLES FRITZ turned the sun's rays into electricity.

1885 - 1889

CHARLES TELLIER, a Frenchman who is seen as the father of refrigeration, experimented with a non-concentrating/ nonreflecting solar motor. He installed the first solar energy system for heating household water on top of his very own roof.

1868 - 1888

JOHN ERICSSON, wrote these powerful words: "A couple of thousand years dropped in the ocean of time will completely exhaust the coal fields of Europe, unless, in the meantime, the heat of the sun be employed." He dismissed Mouchout's work and also developed a solar powered steam engine, very similar in design to Mouchout's..

Solar Energy history continues into the 20th century

1892-1905 AUBREY ENEAS formed the first Solar Energy They sold the first Solar Energy .It was destroyed less than a week later by a windstorm. They sold a second, but that one too, was destroyed by a hailstorm shortly afterwards.

1904

HENRY WILLSIE recognized the need to store generated power and built 2 huge plants in California. He was the first to successfully use power at night after generating it during the day.

1954

CALVIN FULLER, GERALD PEARSON AND DAPLIN CHAPLIN discovered that silicon will use as the semi-conductor, which led to the construction of solar panel with an efficiency rate of 6%.

1956

The first commercial solar cell was made available to the public at a very expensive $300 per watt. It was now being used in radios and toys.

1950s-1960s

Space programs employed solar technologies. In 1958 the Vanguard I was launched. The first satellite that used solar energy to generate electricity.

1980-1991

1980 - 1991 -A Los Angeles based company called Luz Co. produced 95% of the world's solar-based electricity. They were forced to shut their doors after investors withdrew from the project as the price of non-renewable fossil fuels declined and the future of state and federal incentives were not likely.

2000

First Solar begins production in Perrysburg, Ohio, at the worlds largest photovoltaic manufacturing plant with an estimated capacity of producing enough solar panels each year to generate 100 megawatts of power.

2000

At the International Space Station, astronauts begin installing solar panels on what will be the largest solar power array deployed in space. Each wing of the array consists of 32,800 solar cells.

2000

Sandia National Laboratories develops a new inverter for solar electric systems that will increase the safety of the systems during a power outage. Inverters convert the direct current (DC) electrical output from solar systems in alternating current (AC), which is the standard current for household wiring and for the power lines that supply electricity to homes.

2001

NASAs solar-powered aircraft, Helios sets a new world record for non-rocketpowered aircraft: 96,863 feet, more than 18 miles high.

The Helios Prototype flying wing is shown near the Hawaiian Islands during its first test flight on solar power.

2001

Powerlight Corporation installs the largest rooftop solar power system in the United States.A 1.18 megawatt system at the Santa Rita Jail in Dublin,California.

This solar installation, the United States largest rooftop system, was commissioned to help Alameda County reduce and stabilize future energy costs. This smart energy project reduces the jails use of utilitygenerated electricity by 30% through solar power generation and energy conservation.

Photovoltaics research and development will continue intense interest in new materials, cell designs, and novel approaches to solar material and product development.
The price of photovoltaic power will be competitive with traditional sources of electricity within 10 years.

Solar electricity will be used to electrolyze water, producing hydrogen for fuel cells for transportation and buildings.

Solar cells are becoming increasingly cost-effective as more distributors enter the market and new technologies continue to offer more choice and new products. Cars might soon be powered by new fuel cells that create electricity through chemical reaction. Pools are being heated with solar energy for a fraction of the price of conventional heaters.

a partial list of solar applications include space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and hih temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

to harvest the solar energy , the most common way is to use solar panels.

agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water , drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling yearround production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate.

Daylighting systems collect and distribute sunlight to provide interior illumination. Hybrid solar lighting is an active solar method of providing interior illumination. solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating , space heating, space cooling, and process heat generation. Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.

Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing waterfilled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. solar energy may be used in a waste stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity.

Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking , drying and pasteurization. a basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries to focus light on a cooking container.

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics(PV) , or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Solar panels give off no pollution solar energy produces electricity very quietly. It has the ability to harness electricity in remote locations that are not linked to national grid Very efficient in large areas of he globe solar panels can be installed on top of many rooftops It is affordable in the long run Less dependent on the worlds fossil fuel supplies.

 High initial capital outlay Availability of sunlight -some houses will not be ideally

suited for conversion or for installing a solar energy system. Polluting materials used in solar panels - photovoltaic panels are made from silicon and other metals that are potentially toxic like mercury, lead, and cadmium