Fuhr

Wireless Sensor Systems: Security Implications for the Industrial Environment
Dr. Peter L. Fuhr

Chief Scientist RAE Systems, Sunnyvale, CA pfuhr@raesystems.com
Dr. Peter Fuhr, Presenter: 480+ publications&presentations in wireless sensor networking arena. Old-timer in this areaetc etc.
RAE Systems Inc.

Pervasive Sensing Company based in Silicon Valley founded in 1991
Capabilities
Radiation detection
Gamma and neutron
Chemical/vapor detection
Toxic gas, VOC, combustible gas, oxygen, CWA, temperature, humidity, C02
Redeployable sensor networks Mobile and fixed wireless monitors Cargo Container Sensor Systems
ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr
A number of individuals have provided content for these slides. They include: Wayne Manges, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Robert Poor, Ember Pat Gonia, Honeywell Hesh Kagan, Foxboro/Invensys Kang Lee, NIST Tom Kevan, Advanstar Ramesh Shankar, Electric Power Research Institute Larry Hill, Larry Hill Consulting Rob Conant, Dust Rick Kriss, Xsilogy Gideon Varga, Dept of Energy Jack Eisenhauser, Energetics Michael Brambley, Pacific Northwest National Labs David Wagner, UC-Berkeley
Undoubtedly, there are other contributors too (apologies if your name is not listed).
ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr 3
Contributors
Wireless Sensor Networking

its not cellular telephony its not just WiFi...(and it just may be the next big thing)
Each dot represents one cell phone tower. Wireless devices circa 1930
Sensor Market: $11B in 2001 Installation (wiring) costs: >$100B

Fragmented market platform opportunity
Installation cost limits penetration reducing installation cost increases market size
Highly Fragmented Sensor Market

Freedonia Group report on Sensors, April 2002
Slide courtesy of Rob Conant, Dust 5
Industrial Market Sizing

Sensor Networking Products
North American Market for Wireless products used in Applications where transmission distances are 1 mile or less:
2002 Total: $107 million 2006 Forecast: $713 million 2010 Estimates: $ 2.1 billion
Largest Application areas:

2002: Tank Level Monitoring, Asset Tracking, Preventative Maintenance 2006: Tank Level Monitoring, Preventative Maintenance, Environmental Monitoring
Conclusions:
Rapid Growth in Industrial markets Tank Level Monitoring will remain a significant opportunity Key User Needs:
Lower Costs over Wired (or Manual) Solutions Education of Potential Customers on the Technology Demonstration of Operational Reliability & Application Domain Knowledge
Slide courtesy of Rick Kriss, Xsilogy
The True cost per monitored node to the End User

Higher
Bluetooth, 802.15.4, WiFi etc
DENSE
1xRTT, FLEX SAT, etc
SPARSE
Higher
3-Yr TOC $$$

Design For Here
Installation Costs
Lower Meters $ Radio RF Range (dB) Miles $$$$$
Lower
Slide courtesy of Rick Kriss, Xsilogy

7
What to do with the data?

Chemical Electrical Mechanical Thermal Radiation Optical Magne tic
Parameter of Interest Sensor
Measurement System Modifier
Output Signal Output Transducer

Chemical Electrical Mechanical Thermal Radiation Optical Magne tic
Power Supply
Great! But how do you get the output signal from the sensor to the location where the information will be interpreted (used)?
Traditionally the output of the sensor was hardwired to some form of interpretive device (e.g., PLC) perhaps relying on a 4-20mA signal
Outline:
1. Security? Who needs it? 2. How is security achieved in a wired channel? 3. The Situation for Wireless (its RF in an industrial setting.
Spectrum, modulation, encryption, spatial)
4. Security within various Wireless Delivery Schemes

(cellular, WiFi, 802.15.4, Bluetooth, others)
5. An Integrated Solution 6. The Big Review
Oh, who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!
(pretty ridiculous statement isnt it!

Lets ask some experts:

WINA meeting, Coral Gables, Sept. 2003
www.wireless4industrial.org
Whats a WINA?
In the spring of 2003, the Wireless Industrial Networking Alliance (WINA) was formed to promote the adoption of wireless networking technologies and practices that will help increase industrial productivity and efficiency.
WINA will be holding a 1.5 day meeting at ISA-HQ in RTP, NC on Feb 11/12 right after the ISA Wireless Security Expo and conference. Check out www.wireless4industrial.org for WINA meeting details AND www.isa.org/wireless for the ISA Wireless Security conf details!
Back to the Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!
13
Strategy Workshop Participants

Suppliers (13)
System integrators (6)

Industrial end users (10)
Chemicals Energy/Utilities Forest Products Electronics
Petroleum
Automotive
Industry analysts/venture capitalists (3)
Others (associations, government, media, researchers)

14
End-User View of Industrial Wireless

Likes Mobility Compactness Dislikes Change to status quo Complexity High cost for coverage in large plants Security issues Portability issues (power) Unproven reliability Too risky for process control Lack of experience in troubleshooting (staff) Restricted infrastructure flexibility once implemented Lack of analysis tools
Flexibility
Low cost Capability to monitor rotating equipment
Short range (security)

Ease of installation High reliability Impetus to enhance electronics support
15
Technology Group: Key Issues

Security Jamming, hacking, and eavesdropping Power Value (clear to customer) Interoperability Co-existence with other facility networks, sensors, collectors, technology True engineered solution (sensors, collectors, etc.) Assured performance & reliability/MTBA* Software infrastructure, data, & systems management Robustness (at least as good as wired) RF characterization (radios, receivers, environments)
ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr *mean time between attention 16
Technology Group: Criticality Varies by Application (5 = most critical)

Attributes Latency Device Reliability Raw Thru-put (node / aggr.) Scalability (Max.# nodes) Data Reliability Monitor 2-3 2-3 2/5 Control 3-5 3-5 2.5 /2.5
Applications
Alarm 5 5 1/4
Shutdown 5 5 1/1
Biz WLAN 1 1 1/5
5 1
4 5
4 5
1 5
2-3 2
Security
Low Cost Gateway Technology Engineered Solution
1-5
5 5 1
5
2 1 5
5
1-3 3-4 4
5
1 1 5
5
2-3 1 3
17
Industrial CyberSecurity
The Case of Vitek Boden
18
On October 31, 2001 Vitek Boden was convicted of: 26 counts of willfully using a restricted computer to cause damage 1 count of causing serious environment harm The facts of the case: Vitek worked for the contractor involved in the installation of Maroochy Shire sewage treatment plant. Vitek left the contractor in December 1999 and approached the shire for employment. He was refused. Between Jan 2000 and Apr 2000 the sewage system experienced 47 unexplainable faults, causing millions of liters of sewage to be spilled.
How did he do it?

On April 23, 2000 Vitek was arrested with stolen radio equipment, controller programming software on a laptop and a fully operational controller. Vitek is now in jail
Disgruntled Contractor
Rogue Radio
PLC
PLC
20
Sewage Plant
A Favorite 2.4 GHz Antenna
21
WarDriving 802.11 HotSpots in Silicon Valley
22
WarDriving 802.11 HotSpots in San Francisco
23
The Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!
The Answer: We do. SoHow do you provide the appropriate level of security within the acceptable price and inconvenience margin -> Risk Management!
Inside vs. Outside?

Where do attacks come from?
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Foreign Gov. Foreign Corp. Hackers U.S. Disgruntled Competitors Employees 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
*Source: 2002 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey Computer Security Institute - www.gocsi.com/losses.
% of Respondents
An Outside Example. When? April 2001
26
Hacker War I
In the Spring of 2001, the US got its first a taste of a new form of warfare. Launched from overseas and targeted at US critical infrastructure.
27
Honker Union
Chinese Hacker Group working to advance and in some cases impose its political agenda During the spring of 2001, Honker Union worked with other groups such as the Chinese Red Guest Network Security Technology Alliance Hackers were encouraged to "...make use of their skills for China..." Wired.com
Attack Methods: Denial of Service Attacks Website Defacement E-mailing viruses to US Government Employees KillUSA package
28
Cyberwar
Cyber attacks and web defacements increased dramatically after the start of the war against Iraq. More than 1,000 sites were hacked in the first 48 hours of the conflict, with many of the attacks containing anti-war slogans. Security consultants state that the war against Iraq made March the worst month for digital attacks since records began in 1995.
29
Hacker School
North Korea's Mirim College, is a military academy specializing in electronic warfare 100 potential cybersoldiers graduate every year
30
The Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway?
The Answer:
Everyone.
31
Outline:
1. Security? Who needs it?
2. How is security achieved in a wired channel?

3. The Situation for Wireless (its RF in an industrial setting.

32
A few details
Layered Communications
33
Wired Data Security - Encryption
The traditional method involved encrypting the data prior to transmission over a potentially insecure channel. The level of protection rests on the encryption algorithm. (There are a few
other factorssuch as the physical media.)
Slide courtesy of Wayne Manges, ORNL

34
Outline:
1. 2. 3. 4. Security? Who needs it? How is security achieved in a wired channel? The Situation for Wireless Security within various Wireless Delivery Schemes
35
From many perspectives, THIS is what a wireless sensor network can provide.
Wireless Buildings
Key to success: reduced installation costs

Slide courtesy of Pat Gonia, Honeywell
36
Modulation
E(t) = A(t) cos[wt + f(t)]
Amplitude Modulation (AM) info is in A(t) Frequency Modulation (FM) info is in w Phase Modulation (PM) info is in f(t)
Different vendors use different schemes - and they are not interoperable.
Phase = 0o Phase = 180o Phase = 360o (or back to 0o)
Phase = 270o
37
The FCC Frequency Assignment
Different vendors may use different frequencies within the various ISM bands (green in the diagram).
The ISM bands most commonly used are at 433, 915 and 2400 MHz.
38
Multiple Sensors Sharing the Medium: Multiplexing. FDMA, TDMA and CDMA
39
Binary Signaling Formats

Used to Improve Digital Signal Reception and Decision NRZ: Non-Return to Zero RZ: Return to Zero Unipolar: Only one side of 0V Bipolar: Both sides of 0V Manchester: Bi-Phase (0 in left 1/2 time slot, 1 in right)
40
Narrowband or Spread Spectrum?

Narrowband uses a fixed carrier frequency, F0.
The receiver then locks onto the carrier frequency, F0. Easy to implement (inexpensive). Prone to jamming or interference (two transmitters at the same carrier frequency, F0. Least secure modulation scheme.
41
Narrowband or Spread Spectrum (cont.) ?

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum. Uses a carrier frequency that varies with time, F0(t).
Invented and patented by actress Heddy Lamarr and her pianist George Antheil.
The receiver must track the time-varying carrier frequency, F0(t).
Relatively easy to implement (inexpensive). Prone to jamming or interference (two transmitters at the same carrier frequency, F0) during any single transmit interval. Hopping rates may be ~1600 hops/second (ala Bluetooth). Very secure modulation scheme (used in military for decades).

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum uses a fixed carrier frequency, F0 but interleaves the data with a precise mathematical 0/1 data sequence. (This increases the length of the transmitted information vector making it longer). The information is replicated many times throughout the bandwidth, so if one lobe of the information is jammed, the remainder gets through. Highly robust technique.
The receiver then locks onto the carrier frequency, F0 receives the signal and then must undo the interleaving. More difficult to implement (more expensive). Most complicated scheme (of these presented). Most secure modulation scheme.
DIRECT-SEQUENCE SPREAD-SPECTRUM SIGNALS

PN Clock
Carrier PN Sequence Generator 1
Data
Local PN Clock
PN Sequence Generator Wide BP Filter 1 Narrow BP Filter
Local Carrier
Phase Demod
Data Data Clock
Power Spectral Density
RFI
Spread RFI
Frequency
fc
Frequency
fc
Narrow spectrum at output of modulator before spreading
Spectrum has wider bandwidth and lower power density after spreading with PN sequence (PN Rate >> Data Rate)
Original narrowband, high power density spectrum is restored if local PN sequence is same as and lined up with received PN sequence
Frequency
fc
44

Which is best?
Each has its pluses and minusesand each scheme has its share of diehard advocates and/or naysayers! Different vendors use these (and other) schemes at different frequencies within the various ISM bands.
From a security standpoint, DSSS is best.
45
Reality
DSSS
FHSS
46
No Matter WhatIts Just an Electromagnetic Field
E(t) = A(t) cos[wt + f(t)]

A(t): amplitude of the wave w: radian frequency of the wave f(t): phase of the wave
47
The RF Footprint
Network Size
Personal Area Network: typical radiated power: 0 dBm, size: 10m Local Area Network: typical radiated power: 20 dBm, size: 100m Wide Area Network: typical radiated power: >30 dBm, size: >2000m
There are SO many technical questions: such as
Network Topologies?
Bus Network
Tree Netw ork
Ring Netw ork
Star Network
Ad Hoc Network
49
The Real World Presents the Wireless Channel with Multipath and Attenuationand
50
Real World:
Multipath
The Effect
The Cause
51
Real World:
Atmospheric Attenuation at 2.4 GHz
Rayleigh Fading @ 2.4GHz

Real World:
Signal Attenuation at 2.4 GHz
53
Real World:
And Signal-to-Noise Ratios really do matter!
Anecdotal Evidence: As Frankfurt has increased the deployment of 2.4 GHz wireless surveillance cameras, the background Noise level has increased by 12 dB. (This plays havoc with the BER or for fixed BER, the overall data rate,)
54
Real World:
Which Frequency is Best?
ALERT! ALERT!!
Notice that the operation at 2.45 GHz is WORSE than at 900MHz (which is worse than 433 MHz).
55
Outline:

56
Wireless Data Security: Encryption, Spreading, Interleaving
Wireless networks use a variety of techniques to enhance security, such as spreading and interleaving. These techniques can make the signal virtually undetectable without prior knowledge about the network. This can improve the security of the network by orders of magnitude.
Slide courtesy of Wayne Manges, ORNL

57
The Wireless Market

TEXT LONG GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI AUDIO STREAMING VIDEO DIGITAL VIDEO MULTI-CHANNEL VIDEO
>
802.11b 802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g Bluetooth 2
LAN
<
RANGE
SHORT
ZigBee
Bluetooth1
PAN
LOW
<
DATA RATE
>
HIGH
58
Bluetooth vs. the Rest (contd)

Parameter Technology 802.11 2.4 GHz, DSSS 11 chips/bit Data Rate 11Mbps Power +20 dBm Range 50m Topology 128 devices CSMA/CA Security Optional WEP Voice Channel Optional HomeRF 2.4GHz, FHSS 50 hops/s 1 Mbps +20 dBm 50m 128 devices CSMA/CA Optional Optional Bluetooth 2.4 GHz, FHSS 1000+hops/s 1Mbps 0, +20dBm 1-10m, 50m 8 devices, Piconet Encryption Yes ZigBee (proposed) 2.4 GHz,DSSS 15 chips/bit 40 kbits/s 0dBm 100m 100s devices, CSMA/CA Not yet No
Bluetooth aka IEEE 802.15.1

ZigBee aka IEEE 802.15.4
Side by Side
60
802.11?
61
The Worldwide View of the 802.11 Spectral

Space
62
Radiated Field from a single AP (Kansas City)
63
20dB Attenuation Profile for Univ of Kansas Eng Bldg., Mesh and AP deployments
64
WEP
(encrypted traffic)
The industrys solution: WEP
(Wired Equivalent Privacy)
Share a single cryptographic key among all devices Encrypt all packets sent over the air, using the shared key Use a checksum to prevent injection of spoofed packets
65
Early History of WEP

1997
802.11 WEP standard released
Mar 2000
Simon, Aboba, Moore: some weaknesses Walker: Unsafe at any key size
Oct 2000
Jan 30, 2001 Feb 5, 2001
NY Times, WSJ break the story
Borisov, Goldberg, Wagner: 7 serious attacks on WEP

66
Subsequent Events
Jan 2001 Mar 2001 Arbaugh: Your 802.11 network has no clothes May 2001 Jun 2001 Aug 2001 Newsham: dictionary attacks on WEP keys Fluhrer, Mantin, Shamir: efficient attack on way WEP uses RC4 Arbaugh, Mishra: still more attacks Feb 2002
Borisov, Goldberg, Wagner Arbaugh: more attacks
WEP Attack Tools

Downloadable procedures from the Internet To crack the Key: AirSnort http://airsnort.sourceforge.net WEPCrack http://sourceforge.net/projects/wepcrack/ To brute force enter into WLAN, THC-RUT http://www.thehackerschoice.com/releases.php
68
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)

Flaws in WEP known since January 2001 - flaws include weak encryption, (keys no longer than 40 bits), static encryption keys, lack of key distribution method. IEEE developing 802.11i standard for enhanced wireless security Addresses weak data encryption and user authentication within existing 802.11 standard.
802.11i standard will not be ratified until late 2003, possibly early 2004 - outstanding issues.
WPA standard joint effort between Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE - WPA a subset of IEEE 802.11i standard (Draft 3.0). WPA provides stronger data encryption (weak in WEP) and user authentication (largely missing in WEP).
WPA Data Encryption

WPA uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) - stronger data encryption, addresses known vulnerabilities in WEP.
TKIP chosen as primary encryption cipher suite Easily deployed and supported in legacy 802.11b hardware compared to other available cipher suites.
TKIP based on RC4 stream cipher algorithm, surrounds WEP cipher engine with 4 new algorithms,
1. Extended 48-bit Initialization Vector (IV) and IV sequencing rules (compared to the shorter 24-bit WEP RC4 key). 2. New per-packet key mixing function. 3. Derivation and distribution method - a.k.a. re-keying. 4. A message integrity check (MIC) - a.k.a. Michael, ensures messages havent been tampered with during transmission.
WPA Data Encryption, contd

the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol.
Phase 1 key mixing WEP seed(s) (represented as WEP IV + RC4 key)
Temporal Key TA
TTAK Key TSC MIC Key Plaintext MSDU + MIC
Phase 2 key mixing
SA + DA + Plaintext MSDU Data
MIC
Fragment(s)
Plaintext MPDU(s)
WEP Encapsulation
Ciphertext MPDU(s)
DA Destination Address ICV Integrity Check Value MPDU Message Protocol Data Unit MSDU MAC Service Data Unit RSN Robust Security Network SA Source Address TA Transmitter Address
TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol TSC TKIP Sequence Counter TTAK result of phase 1 key mixing of Temporal Key and Transmitter Address WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP IV Wired Equivalent Privacy Initialization Vector
71
WPA Data Encryption, contd

TKIP implements countermeasures - reduces rate which attacker can make message forgery attempts down to two packets every 60 seconds. After 60 second timeout new PMK or Groupwise Key generated, depending on which attacked ensures attacker cannot obtain information from attacked key.
Countermeasures bound probability of successful forgery and amount of information attacker can learn about a key.
TKIP is made available as firmware or software upgrade to existing legacy hardware. TKIP eliminates having to replace existing hardware or having to purchase new hardware.
Bluetooth?
73
BlueTooth- Some Specifications

Uses unlicensed 2.402 - 2.480 GHz frequency range Frequency hopping spread spectrum 79 hops separated by 1 MHz Maximum frequency hopping rate: 1600 hops/sec Nominal range: 10 cm to 10 meters Nominal antenna power: 0 dBm One complete Bluetooth data packet can be transmitted within each 625 msec hop slot.
74
Potential Bluetooth Markets
75
Bluetooth Market Forecast
Nov03: 100M Bluetooth compliant devices worldwide

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Adopted Protocols PPP(Point-To-Point Protocol) TCP/UDP/IP OBEX-Session Protocol for IrDA(Infrared Data Association) Contents Fromat(e.g. vCard, vCalendar) WAP-Wireless Application Protocol
77
Bluetooth Security
Supports Unidirectional or Mutual Encryption based on a Secret Link key Shared Between Two Devices Security Defined In 3 modes: Mode1- No Security Mode 2 - Service Level Security: Not Established Before Channel is Established at L2CAP Mode 3 - Link Level Security: Device Initiates Security Before LMP Link is Setup
Devices and Services can be Set for Different Levels of Security Two Trust Levels are Set for Devices Trusted Device: Fixed Relationship and Unrestricted Access to All Services Untrusted: No Permanent relationship and Restricted Services
Bluetooth Security
Devices and Services can be Set for Different Levels of Security Two Trust Levels are Set for Devices Trusted Device: Fixed Relationship and Unrestricted Access to All Services Untrusted: No Permanent relationship and Restricted Services
79
Bluetooth Security
3 Levels of Service Access
Require Authorization and Authenication Require Authentication Only Default Security for Legacy Applications
80
But is this Wireless Link Secure?
Newsflash: Jan 2001: Norwegian hackers crack a Bluetooth transmission

Analysis of a BlueTooth Transmission
High overhead?
82
802.15.4/Zigbee?
83
IEEE 802.15.4 standard

Includes layers up to and including Link Layer Control
LLC is standardized in 802.1
Supports multiple network topologies including Star, Cluster Tree and Features of the MAC: Mesh ZigBee Application Framework Association/dissociation, ACK, frame delivery, channel access Networking App Layer (NWK) mechanism, frame validation, guaranteed time slot management, Data Link Controller (DLC) IEEE 802.2 beacon management, channel scan IEEE 802.15.4 LLC LLC, Type I Low complexity: 26 primitives IEEE 802.15.4 MAC versus 131 primitives for IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY 2400 MHz PHY 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
84
PHY overview
Speed 20, 40 or 250 kbps Channels 1 channel in the 868MHz band 10 channels in the 915MHz band 16 channels in the 2.4GHz band Modulation BPSK (868MHz/20kbs) BPSK (915MHz/40kbps) O-QPSK (2.4GHz/250kbps)
Coexistence w/ 802.11b DSSS 802.15.1 FHSS 802.15.3 DSSS

MAC overview
Security support Power consumption consideration Dynamic channel selection Network topology
Star topology p2p topology cluster-tree network topology
Device classification
Full Function Device (FFD) Any topology Can talk to RFDs or other FFDs Operate in three modes PAN coordinator Coordinator Device. Reduced Function Device (RFD) Limited to star topology Can only talk to an FFD (coordinator) Cannot become a coordinator Unnecessary to send large amounts of data Extremely simple Can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity
Transmission management
Acknowledgement
No ACK ACK Retransmission Duplicate detection
Indirect transmission
88
Security
Unsecured mode ACL mode
Access control
Secured mode
Access control Data encryption Frame integrity Sequential freshness
89
Scalable Security
Assume the attacker can deploy own nodes (can create a ring at some distance from controller)[Wisenet 2003] Enemy nodes mimick the mesh nodes; they ACK the health inquiry as if everything was OK but they do not forward to the rest of the net The rest of the network is virtually cut off from inspection by controller Need secure key and a random seed that changes at each round
90
What About:
1451.5? 1xRTT? SAT? CDPD? Others? No time this morning!
91
Outline:

92
There are SO many technical questions: such as
Integrated Industrial Networks?
If the sensor network is to integrate into an industrial setting, then you should be cognizant of the Industrial Networking arena.
Industrial Device Network Topology
Typically, three layers of networking make up enterprisewide networks. Ethernet acts as the company's intranet backbone, and it's linked to controllers or industrial PCs, which supply strategic data to the enterprise. An industrial network, or fieldbus, links sensors and smart devices. A gateway (not uncommon in a large system with lots of devices) links devices that have only RS-232 or RS485 ports to the fieldbus system.
94
General characteristics for industrial device networks have arisen.
Industrial Device Networks
Obviously the complexity of the network increases as the functionality is increased.

95
Classification of Industrial Networks
Three logical groupings of instrumentation networks used in an industrial setting. There are over 100 different proprietary networks in the field.
Inside Security Incident

Employee attacks PLC in another plant area over PLC highway. Password changed to obscenity, blocking legitimate maintenance and forcing process shutdown.
Plant Highway Disgruntled Employee
PLC PLC PLC PLC
Steam Plant
Paper Plant
* Source: BCIT Industrial Security Incident Database (ISID)

Network Positioning
+ Data
Ethernet TCP/IP
ControlNet Foundation Fieldbus H2 Profibus-FMS Profibus-DP Data Highway+ Interbus-S Modbus Plus Remote I/O DeviceNet Other CAN SDS Fieldbus H1 Profibus-PA Modbus HART
+ +
Functionality
Complexity
ASi, Seriplex, Hardwiring, RS485 etc.
Cost
+
98
Too Focused on Internet Issues?

Myth #1: Our SCADA/PLC/DCS is safe if we dont connect to the Internet. Myth #2: Our Internet firewall will protect our control systems. Myth #3: Our IT department understands process control issues and security.
99
Is Industrial Comm Security Too Focused on Internet Issues?

Internet Remote Engineering Firewall
Enterprise Resource Planning Manufacturing Logistics Production Planning
Enterprise Network
Production Networks Ethernet Programming Stations SCAD A Control Network PLC Modem Process Historian
WarDialing Attack
PLC
Handheld Operator Terminal

802.11 WLAN Field Devices
OEM
Source (used by permission): Interface Technologies, Windsor, CT, 2002

100
Outline:

101
Bit Rate vs. Quality of Service
How Many Bits are Needed?
The more bits you xmit, the more power you consume!
Coding vs. Quality of Service

Is Coding Really Necessary?
103
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
104
Comparing Wireless
Tech. Range RF Power Battery life Numbers In Area
DSSS
FHSS UWB
Medium Low
Long High
longest
Short short
High
Medium High
105
Medium Lowest
Technology Beats Marketing in Performance!

Technology versus Attributes Summary Chart Technology Low Mobile Power Ad Hoc Designs Networks NA yes NA NA yes NA yes yes NA NA yes NA NA NA NA yes NA yes yes NA yes NA DSSS FHSS UWB Attribute Long Range NA Plug-and-Play DSSS Long Battery life FHSS Low RFI risk DSSS Self Locating DSSS Secure UWB High throughput UWB non line-of-sight UWB robust connections DSSS low cost FHSS small size FHSS CDMA TDMA FDMA NA CDMA FDMA NA CDMA CDMA NA NA CDMA FDMA TDMA BPSK Open QPSK Standards M-ary NA NA yes NA NA M-ary NA NA NA NA NA NA NA M-ary NA NA NA BPSK yes BPSK NA BPSK 900MHz 2.4GHz 5.8GHz 900MHz NA 900MHz 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 5.8GHz 900MHz 5.8GHz 900MHz 5.8GHz
Power Harvesting NA NA yes NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Embedded Intelligence Diversity NA yes NA NA yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes NA yes NA yes NA NA NA NA
FEC yes NA yes NA NA NA yes NA yes NA NA
106
Statistics on Types of Attacks

Denial of Service Laptop Theft Active Wiretap Telecom Fraud Unauthorized Insider Access Virus Finacial Fraud Insider Abuse of Net Access System Penetration Telecom Evesdropping Sabotage Theft of Propriety Info 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
% of Respondents *Source: 2002 CSI/FBI Computer Crime and Security Survey Computer Security Institute - www.gocsi.com/losses.
Optimization of Security vs. Cost

Risk reduction is balanced against the cost of security counter measures to mitigate the risk.
Optimal Level of Security at Minimum Cost
Cost ($)
Cost of Security Breaches
Cost of Security Countermeasures
Security Level
Risk in Safety vs. Risk in Security

Safety Definition: Risk is a measure of human injury, environmental damage, or economic loss in terms of both the incident likelihood and the magnitude of the loss or injury. Security Definition: Risk is an expression of the likelihood that a defined threat will exploit a specific vulnerability of a particular attractive target or combination of targets to cause a given set of consequences.
*Source: CSPP Guidelines For Analyzing And Managing The Security Vulnerabilities Of Fixed Chemical Sites
Firewall Architectures
The external router blocks attempts to use the underlying IP layer to break security (e.g. IP spoofing, source routing, packet fragments, etc) and forces all traffic to the proxy. The proxy firewall handles potential security holes in the higher layer protocols. The internal router blocks all traffic except to the proxy server.
Internet
External Router
Internal Router
110
Theres lot of Wireless

From cellphones to PDAs to WiFi to Satellite-based
111
Wireless LAN Standards
112
Existing/Developing IEEE 802.11 Standards

802.11802.11a 802.11b 802.11e 802.11f 802.11g 802.11h 802.11i 802.1x 802.15 802.16 Frequency Hopping/DSSS 54Mbps / HyperLAN (1999) 11Mbps Quality of Service Point 2 Point Roaming (2003) 54Mbps European Inspired Changes (Q2,2004) New Encryption Protocols (Q2,2004) Port Based Network Access Personal Area Network (WPAN) Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN)
113
Wireless Backbone for Inflight Entertainment
On-Board Network Integration
PicoCell BTS
PicoCell BTS
Noise Floor Lifter
6 MCU GSM SERVER
SDU
and we havent even touched on RFID! 114
Theres lot of Wireless

And it all needs to feel more Secure!
115
For a real review of networking security

Take Eric Byrnes ISA course IC32C
116
Will History Repeat?

Cellular networks
1980 analog cellphones: AMPS
wireless security: not just 802.11
analog cloning, scanners fraud pervasive & costly
wireless networks
1999 802.11, WEP 2000
digital: TDMA, GSM

1990
TDMA eavesdropping [Bar]
sensor networks
WEP broken [BGW] WEP badly broken [FMS]
attacks pervasive
more TDMA flaws [WSK] GSM cloneable [BGW] GSM eavesdropping [BSW,BGW]
2001
2002
Proprietary systems 2002 2003
1451, 802.15.4, TinyOS Future: 802.11i
2000 Future: 3rd gen.: 3GPP,

2003 WPA
Future: ???
117
PATRIOT Act
PATRIOT (Provide Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) Legally classifies many hacking attacks as acts of terrorism
118
So If Nothing else, at least PLEASE do this for your WiFi System!

Conduct site survey

WLAN Security Countermeasures
Identify areas of signal strength and weakness Do a walkaround with NetStumbler Document and shut down rogue access points Document and shut down unauthorized wireless NICs AND TURN ON SOME LEVEL OF THE PROVIDED PROTECTION!
Oh
And dont forget that as you layer in all of these wacky encryption schemes and CDMA and DSSS andand that it takes some joules to actually implement this. So if your wireless network has primepower (a.k.a. AC) youre ok. But if youre going off a battery then its a tradeoff of security versus Power Consumption You Choose that one!
...and in the end...
BumbleBee with RF xcvr
...or...
HoneyBee with RFID
Two potential forms of wireless sensor networks.

And they should both be secure!
Outline:

5. An Integrated Solution 6. The Big Review 7. Glossary and References
122
Glossary
10BASE-T: IEEE 802.3 standard for a twisted-pair Ethernet network. 10 Mbps transmission rate over baseband using unshielded, twistedpair cable. 802.11: The IEEE 802.11 standard defines both frequency hopping and direct sequence spread spectrum solutions for use in the 2.4-2.5 MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band. 802.11a: The Global System for Mobile Communications standard for worldwide wireless communications on wide area networks (WANs). 802.11b: The portion of the 802.11 specification that defines the 11 Mbps data rate. A Access Point: Provides a bridge between Ethernet wired LANs and the wireless network. Access points are the connectivity point between Ethernet wired networks and devices (laptops, hand-held computers, point-of-sale terminals) equipped with a wireless LAN adapter card. Analog phone: Comes from the word "analogous," which means similar to. In telephone transmission, the signal being transmitted from the phonevoice, video or imageis analogous to the original signal. Antenna-Directional: Transmits and receives radio waves off the front of the antenna. The power behind and to the sides of the antenna is reduced. The coverage area is oval with the antenna at one of the narrow ends. Typical directional antenna beam width angles are from 90 (somewhat directional) to as little as 20(very directional). A directional antenna directs power to concentrate the coverage pattern in a particular direction. The antenna direction is specified by the angle of the coverage pattern called the beam width. Antenna-Omni-directional: Transmits and receives radio waves in all directions. The coverage area is circular with the antenna at the center. Omni-directional antennas are also referred to as whip or low-profile antennas. Association: The process of determining the viability of the wireless connection and establishing a wireless network's root and designated access points. A mobile unit associates with its wireless network as soon as it is powered on or moves into range. ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A type of high-speed wide area network.
123
Glossary
B Backbone: A network that interconnects other networks, employing high-speed transmission paths and often spanning a large geographic area. Bandwidth: The range of frequencies, expressed in hertz (Hz), that can pass over a given transmission channel. The bandwidth determines the rate at which information can be transmitted through the circuit. Bandwidth Management: Functionality that allocates and manages RF traffic by preventing unwanted frames from being processed by the access point. BC/MC: Broadcast frames; Multicast frames Beacon: A uniframe system packet broadcast by the AP to keep the network synchronized. A beacon Includes the Net_ID (ESSID), the AP address, the Broadcast destination addresses, a time stamp, a DTIM (Delivery Traffic Indicator Maps) and the TIM (Traffic Indicator Message). BFA Antenna Connector: Miniature coaxial antenna connector manufactured by MuRata Manufacturing Corporation. Bluetooth: See Wireless Personal Area Networks. Bridge: A device that connects two LANs of the same or dissimilar types. It operates at the Data Link Layer, as opposed to routers. The bridge provides fast connection of two collocated LAN segments that appear as one logical network through the bridge. Buffer: A segment of computer memory used to hold data while it is being processed.
124
Glossary
CAM: Continuously Aware Mode: Mode in which the adapter is instructed to continually check for network activity. Card and Socket Services: Packages that work with the host computer operating system, enabling the Wireless LAN adapter to interface with host computer configuration and power management functions. Cellular Phone: Low-powered, duplex, radio/telephone that operates between 800 and 900 MHz, using multiple transceiver sites linked to a central computer for coordination. The sites, or "cells," cover a range of one to six or more miles in each direction. Centrex: Business telephone service offered by a local telephone company from a local telephone company office. Centrex is basically a single line phone system leased to businesses as a substitute for a business that is buying or leasing its own on-premises phone system or PBX. CDMA and TDMA: The Code Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access standard for wireless communications on wide area networks (WANs) in North America. Circuit switching: The process of setting up and keeping a circuit open between two or more users so that users have exclusive and full use of the circuit until the connection is released. Client: A computer that accesses the resources of a server. Client/Server: A network system design in which a processor or computer designated as a server (such as a file server or database server) provides services to other client processors or computers. CODEC: Coder-Decoder. Audio compression/decompression algorithm that is designed to offer excellent audio performance. Converts voice signals from their analog form to digital signals acceptable to modern digital PBXs and digital transmission systems. It then converts those digital signals back to analog so that you may hear and understand what the other person is saying. Computer Telephony Integration: Technology that integrates computer intelligence with making, receiving, and managing telephone calls. Computer telephony integrates messaging, real-time connectivity, and transaction processing and information access.
125
Glossary
D Data Terminal: Computer transmit and receive equipment, including a wide variety of dumb terminals or terminals without embedded intelligence in the form of programmed logic. Most data terminals provide a user interface to a more capable host computer, such as a mainframe or midrange computer. Decryption: Decryption is the decoding and unscrambling of received encrypted data. The same device, host computer or front-end processor, usually performs both encryption and decryption. Desktop Conferencing: A telecommunications facility or service on a PC that permits callers from several diverse locations to be connected together for a conference call. Digital Phone System: Proprietary phone system provided by a vendor, such as AT&T, Mitel, Northern Telecom, and so on. The signal being transmitted in a digital phone system is the same as the signal being transmitted in an analog phone system. The system can consist of a proprietary PBX system that converts voice signals from their analog form to digital signals, and then converts those digital signals back to analog. Alternatively, the conversion from analog-to-digital can occur in a digital phone. Direct Inward Dialing: DID. The ability for a caller outside a company to call an internal extension without having to pass through an operator or attendant. In large PBX systems, the dialed digits are passed from the PSTN to the PBX, which then completes the call. Direct-Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum: Direct sequence transmits data by generating a redundant bit pattern for each bit of information sent. Commonly referred to as a "chip" or "chipping code," this bit pattern numbers 10 chips to one per bit of information. Compared with frequency hopping, direct sequence has higher throughput, wider range and is upgradable in the 2.4GHz band. Diversity Reception: The use of two antennas attached to a single access point to improve radio reception. The second antenna is used only for receiving radio signals, while the primary is used for both transmitting and receiving. Driver: A program routine that links a peripheral device, such as a mobile unit's radio card, to the computer system.
126
Element-level Management: Level of technologies aimed at small or medium-sized businesses.
Glossary
Encryption: Entails scrambling and coding information, typically with mathematical formulas called algorithms, before the information is transmitted over a network. Ethernet: A local area network used for connecting computers, printers, workstations, terminals, servers, and so on, within the same building or campus. Ethernet operates over twisted wire and over coaxial cable at speeds up to 100 Mbps, with 1 Gbps speeds coming soon. Filtering: Prevents user-defined frames from being processed by the access point. Fragmentation Threshold: The maximum size for directed data packets transmitted over the radio. Larger frames fragment into several packets this size or smaller before transmission over the radio. The receiving station reassembles the transmitted fragments. Frame Mode: A communications protocol supported by the OEM Modules. The frame protocol implements asynchronous serial Point-to-Point (PPP) frames similar to those used by serial Internet protocols. Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum: Hedy Lamarr, the actress, is credited in name only for inventing frequency hopping during World War II. As its label suggests, frequency hopping transmits using a narrowband carrier that changes frequency in a given pattern. There are 79 channels in a 2.4GHz ISM band, each channel occupying 1MHz of bandwidth. A minimum hop rate of 2.5 hops per channel per second is required in the United States. Frequency hopping technology is recognized as superior to direct sequence in terms of echo resistance, interference immunity, cost and ease-of-installation. To date, there has also been a greater selection of WLAN products from which to chose. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A common Internet protocol used for transferring files from a server to the Internet user. It uses TCP/IP commands. Gain, dBi: Antenna gain, expressed in decibels referenced to a half wave dipole. Gain, dBi: Antenna gain, expressed in decibels referenced to a theoretical isotropic radiator. Gain, dBic: Antenna gain, expressed in decibels referenced to a theoretical isotropic radiator that is circularly polarized. Gatekeeper: Software that performs two important functions to maintain the robustness of the network: address translation and bandwidth management. Gatekeepers map LAN aliases to IP addresses and provide address lookups when needed. Gateway: Optional element in an H.323 conference. Gateways bridge H.323 conferences to other networks, communications protocols, and multimedia formats. Gateways are not required if connections to other networks or non-H.323 compliant terminals are not needed. GHz: International unit for measuring frequency is Hertz (Hz), which is equivalent to the older unit of cycles per second. One Gigahertz (GHz) is one billion Hertz. Microwave ovens typically operate at 2.45 GHz. GSM: The Global System for Mobile Communications standard for worldwide wireless communications on wide area networks (WANs). ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr 127
Glossary
H.323: An umbrella standard from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) that addresses call control, multimedia management, and bandwidth management for point-to-point and multi-point conferences, as well as interfaces between LANs and other networks. The most popular standard currently in use. Handheld PC (HPC): The term adopted by Microsoft and its supporters to describe handheld computers employing Microsoft's Windows CE operating system. Interactive Voice Response: System used to access a database access application using a telephone. The voice processing acts as a front-end to appropriate databases that reside on general purpose computers. For instance, DTMF (touch tone) input of a Personal Identification Number can be required for access or more unusual and expensive techniques such as voice recognition and voice print matching.
Internet: World's largest network, often referred to as the Information Superhighway. The Internet is a virtual network based on packet switching technology. The participants on the Internet and its topology change on a daily basis.
Internet Commerce: Electronic business transactions that occur over the Internet. Samples of Internet commerce applications include electronic banking, airline reservation systems, and Internet malls. Internet Phone: Device used to transmit voice over the Internet, bypassing the traditional PSTN and saving money in the process. An Internet phone can be a small phone (such as the NetVision Phone) or a multimedia PC with a microphone, speaker, and modem. Interoperability: The ability of equipment or software to operate properly in a mixed environment of hardware and software, from different vendors. Enabled by the IEEE 802.11 open standard. IP (Internet Protocol): The Internet standard protocol that defines the Internet datagram as the unit of information passed across the Internet. Provides the basis of the Internet connection-less- best-effort packet delivery service. The Internet protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP because IP is one of the two fundamental protocols. International Roaming: Ability to use one adapter worldwide. Intranet: A private network that uses Internet software and Internet standards. In essence, an intranet is a private Internet reserved for use by people who have been given the authority and passwords necessary to use that network. ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network. Emerging network technology offered by local phone companies that is designed for digital communications, computer telephony, and voice processing systems. ISM Band: ISM bands--instrumental (902-928MHz), science (2.4-2.4835GHz), and medical (5.725-5.850GHz)--are the radio frequency bands allocated by the FCC for unlicensed continuous operations for up to 1W. The most recent band approved by the FCC for WLANs was the medical band in January 1997. ITU: International Telecommunications Union. Standards body that defined H.323 and other international standards. Jitter: Noise on a communications line which is based on phase hits, causing potential phase distortions and bit errors.. ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr 128
Glossary
Kerberos: A widely deployed security protocol that was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to authenticate users and clients in a wired network environment and to securely distribute encryption keys. Key Telephone System: A system in which the telephone has multiple buttons permitting the user to directly select central office phone lines and intercom lines. Key phone systems are most often found in relatively small business environments, typically around 50 telephones. Layer: A protocol that interacts with other protocols as part of an overall transmission system. LPD (Line Printer Daemon): A TCP-based protocol typically used between a Unix server and a printer driver. Data is received from the network connection and sent out over the serial port. MAC (Media Access Control): Part of the Data Link Layer, as defined by the IEEE, this sublayer contains protocols for gaining orderly access to cable or wireless media. MD5 Encryption: An authentication methodology when MU is in foreign subnet. MIB (Management Information Base): An SNMP structure that describes the specific device being monitored by the remote-monitoring program. Microcell: A bounded physical space in which a number of wireless devices can communicate. Because it is possible to have overlapping cells as well as isolated cells, the boundaries of the cell are established by some rule or convention. Modem: Equipment that converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa. Modems are used to send digital data signals over the analog PSTN. MMCX Antenna Connector: Miniature coaxial antenna connector in use by several major wireless vendors. Mobile IP: The ability of the mobile unit to communicate with the other host using only its home IP address, after changing its point of attachment to the Internet and intranet.
Mobile Unit (MU): May be a Symbol Spectrum24 terminal, PC Card and PCI adapter, bar-code scanner, third-party device, and other
Mobile Unit Mode: In this mode, the WLAN adapter connects to an access point (AP) or another WLAN installed system, allowing the device to roam freely between AP cells in the network. Mobile units appear as network nodes to other devices. Modulation: Any of several techniques for combining user information with a transmitter's carrier signal. Multipath: The signal variation caused when radio signals take multiple paths from transmitter to receiver. Multipath Fading: A type of fading caused by signals taking different paths from the transmitter to the receiver and, consequently, interfering with each other. ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr 129
Node: A network junction such as a switch or a routing center.
Glossary
Packet Switching: Refers to sending data in packets through a network to some remote location. In a packet switched network, no circuit is left open on a dedicated basis. Packet switching is a data switching technique only. PBX Phone System: Private Branch eXchange. Small version of the phone company's larger central switching office. An alternative to a PBX is to subscribe to a local telephone company's Centrex service. PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) PC Card: A credit card-size device used in laptop computers and available as removable network adapters.
PCS (Personal Communications Service): A new, lower powered, higher-frequency competitive technology to cellular. Whereas cellular typically operates in the 800900 MHz range, PCS operates in the 1.5 to 1.8 GHz range. The idea with PCS is that the phone are cheaper, have less range, and are digital. The cells are smaller and closer together, and airtime is cheaper.
Peer-to-peer Network: A network design in which each computer shares and uses devices on an equal basis. Ping: A troubleshooting TCP/IP application that sends out a test message to a network device to measure the response time. PLD (Data Link Protocol): A raw packet protocol based on the Ethernet frame format. All frames are sent to the wireless network verbatim--should be used with care as improperly formatted data can go through with undesirable consequences. Plug and Play: A feature that allows a computer to recognize the PCI adapter and configure the hardware interrupt, memory, and device recognition addresses; requires less user interaction and minimizes hardware conflicts. Pocket PC: The term adopted by Microsoft and its supporters to describe handheld computers employing Microsoft's Pocket PC operating system. Point-of-Sale Device: A special type of equipment that is used to collect and store retail sales data. This device may be connected to a bar code reader and it may query a central computer for the current price of that item.
POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service): The basic service supplying standard single line telephones, telephone lines, and access to the public switched telephone network.
Power Management: Algorithms that allow the adapter to sleep between checking for network activity, thus conserving power. PSP (Power Save Polling): stations power off their radios for long periods. When a mobile unit in PSP mode associates with an access point, it notifies the AP of its activity status. The AP responds by buffering packets received for the MU. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Refers to the worldwide voice telephone network accessible to all those with telephones and access privileges. In the U.S., the PSTN is provided by AT&T. ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr 130
Glossary
QoS (Quality of Service): Measure of the telephone service quality provided to a subscriber. QoS refers to things like: Is the call easy to hear? Is it clear? Is it loud enough? RBOC (Regional Bell Operating Company): One of the seven Bell operating companies set up after the divestiture of AT&T, each of which own two or more Bell Operating Companies (BOCs). Roaming: Movement of a wireless node between two microcells. Roaming usually occurs in infrastructure networks built around multiple access points.
Repeater: A device used to extend cabling distances by regenerating signals.

Router: The main device in any modern network that routes data blocks from source to destination using routing tables and determining the best path dynamically. It functions as an addressable entity on the LAN and is the basic building block of the Internet.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): The network management protocol of choice for TCP/IP based intranets. Defines the method for obtaining information about network operating characteristics, change parameters for routers and gateways. Scanning: A periodic process where the mobile unit sends out probe messages on all frequencies defined by the country code. The statistics enable a mobile unit to reassociate by synchronizing its frequency to the AP. The MU continues communicating with that access point until it needs to switch cells or roam. Site Survey: Physical environment survey to determine the placement of access points and antennas, as well as the number of devices necessary to provide optimal coverage, in a new or expanding installation. Spread Spectrum: A transmission technique developed by the U.S. military in World War II to provide secure voice communications, spread spectrum is the most commonly used WLAN technology today. It provides security by "spreading" the signal over a range of frequencies. The signal is manipulated in the transmitter so that the bandwidth becomes wider than the actual information bandwidth. De-spreading the signal is impossible for those not aware of the spreading parameters; to them, the signal sounds like background noise. Interference from narrowband signals is also minimized to background noise when it is de-spread by the receiver. Two types of spread spectrum exist: direct sequence and frequency hopping. Stream Mode: A communications protocol supported only by the Telnet and TCP protocols. Stream mode transfers serial characters as they are received by encapsulating them in a packet and sending them to the host.
131
Glossary
T1: A type of dedicated digital leased-line available from a public telephone provider with a capacity of 1.544 Mbps. A T1 line can normally handle 24 voice conversations, each one digitized at 64 Kbps. With more advanced digital voice encoding techniques, it can handle more voice channels. T1 is the standard for digital transmission in the U.S. Canada, Hong Kong, and Japan. TCP/IP: Networking protocol that provides communication across interconnected networks, between computers with diverse hardware architectures, and various operating systems. TCP/IP is used in the industry to refer to the family of common Internet protocols.
TCP (Transport Communication Protocol): Controls the transfer of data from one client to one host, providing the mechanism for connection maintenance, flow control, retries, and time-outs.
Telnet (Terminal Emulation Protocol): A protocol that uses the TCP/IP networking protocol as a reliable transport mechanism. Considered extremely stable. Terminal: An endpoint, which provides for real-time, two-way communications with another terminal, gateway, or mobile unit. Token Ring: A ring type of local area network (LAN) in which a supervisory frame, or token, must be received by an attached terminal or workstation before that terminal or workstation can start transmitting. Token ring is the technique used by IBM and others. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): UDP/IP is a connection-less protocol that describes how messages reach application programs running in the destination machine; provides low overhead and fast response and is well suited for high-bandwidth applications. Video Conferencing: Video and audio communication between two or more people via a video CODEC (coder/decoder) at either end and linked by digital circuits. Voice Mail System: Device or system that records, stores, and retrieves voice messages. The two types of voice mail devices are those which are "stand alone" and those which offer some integration with the user's phone system. Wi-Fi: A logo granted as the "seal of interoperability" by the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA). Only select wireless networking products possess this characteristic of IEEE802.11b. Wireless AP Support: Access Point functions as a bridge to connect two Ethernet LANs.
132
Glossary
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): A wireless LAN is a data communications system providing wireless peer-to-peer (PC-to-PC, PC-to-hub, or printer-to-hub) and point-to-point (LAN-to-LAN) connectivity within a building or campus. In place of TP or coaxial wires or optical fiber as used in a conventional LAN, WLANs transmit and receive data over electromagnetic waves. WLANs perform traditional network communications functions such as file transfer, peripheral sharing, e-mail, and database access as well as augmenting wired LANs. WLANs must include NICs (adapters) and access points (in-building bridges), and for campus communications building-to-building (LAN-LAN) bridges. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN): Personal area networks are based on a global specification called Bluetooth which uses radio frequency to transmit voice and data. Over a short range, this cable-replacement technology wirelessly and transparently synchronizes data across devices and creates access to networks and the Internet. Bluetooth is ideal for mobile professionals who need to link notebook computers, mobile phones, PDAs, PIMs, and other hand-held devices to do business at home, on the road, and in the office. Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN): Wide area networks utilize digital mobile phone systems to access data and information from any location in the range of a cell tower connected to a data-enabled network. Using the mobile phone as a modem, a mobile computing device such as a notebook computer, PDA, or a device with a stand-alone radio card, can receive and send information from a network, your corporate intranet, or the Internet.
133
A Few References
Berge J.,"Fieldbuses for Process Control: Engineering, Operation, Maintenance". ISA Press 2002, ISBN 1-55617-760-7. Black U., "Physical Level Interfaces and Protocols". IEEE, ISBN 0-8186-8824-6. Black U., "The V-series recommendations". McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-005592-0. Bonfig K., "Feldbus-Systeme". Expert Verlag 1992, 3-8169-0771-7. Borst W., "Der Feldbus in der Maschinen- und Anlagentechnik". Franzis Verlag, ISBN 3-7723-4621-9. British Standard Institute, "Guide to the evaluation of fieldbus protocols". Report DISC PD0014:2000. Brown, "The OSI Dictionary of acronyms". McGraw-Hill 1993, ISBN 0-07-057601-7. Burton, "Fieldbus for Industrial Control Systems". Chapmann & Hall 1997, ISBN 0-412-57890-5. Centrum voor Micro-elektronica, "Intelligente sensornetwerken". 1993, 1996 Control Engineering, issues of 1994 and 1995, "Fieldbus series". Dietrich D., "Feldbustechnik in Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung". Springer Verlag, 1997. ETG Fachbericht 37, "Datenbertragung auf Fahrzeugen mittels serieller Bussysteme". VDE Verlag, ISBN 3-8007-1829-4. ETZ Report 27, "Standardisierung der Prozedatenkommunikation". VDE Verlag 1991. Fachzeitschrift DE, "Bussysteme fr die Gebudeinstallation. Hthig & Pflaum, 1999. Frber, "Bussysteme - parallele und serielle Bussysteme in Theorie und Praxis". Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 3-486-28581-5. Frankort, "Digitale Communicatie". Delta Press 1989, ISBN 90-6674-726-9. Gladdis, "How to automate your home". Baran-Harper 1991, ISBN 0-9632170-0-3. Gruhler, G. "Feldbusse und Gerte-Kommunikationssysteme". Franzis Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-7723-5745-8. Hill, "A distributed control & diagnostic architecture for railway maintenance". University of South-Carolina 1998. Holzmann, "Design and validation of computer protocols". Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-539834-7. Huber J.,"Industrial Fiber Optic Networks". ISA Press 1995, ISBN 1-55617-521-3-G. Hulsebos, R., "Veldbussen". Kluwer 1996, ISBN 90-557-6059-5. IEE, "Colloquium: Fieldbus devices - A changing future". IEE 1994, Ref. 1994/236. ISA, "Fieldbus Standard for use in industrial control systems". ISA 1993, ISBN 1-55617-317-2. ISA, "The ISA Fieldbus Guide". ISA 1997, ISBN 1-55617-637-6. Johannsmeyer, "Investigation into the intrinsic safety of fieldbus systems (FISCO)". PTB, report W53, ISBN 3-89429-310-1. Jordan, "Serial networked field instrumentation". Wiley 1995, ISBN 0-471-95236-1.
References (cont.)
Keithley Instruments, "Demanding measurements on the factory floor". Kluwer, "Handboek Industrile Netwerken". Kluwer 2000, ISBN 90-5404-628-7. Kriesel, "Bustechnologien fr die Automation, 2nd Ed.". Hthig Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-7785-2778-9. Lian, "Performance evaluation of control networks for manufacturing systems". Proceedings of the ASME (Dynamics and Control Division), 1999. Miklovic, "Real-time control networks". ISA 1993, ISBN 1-55617-231-1. Mikrocentrum Nederland, Syllabi themadagen "Industrile netwerken". 1993-2001. Newman, "Direct digital control of building systems". Wiley, 1994, ISBN 0-471-51696-1. Phoenix, "Grundkurs Sensor/Aktor-Feldbustechnik". Vogel Verlag, ISBN 3-8023-1708-4. Phoenix, "Grundkurs Feldbustechnik". Vogel Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-8023-1813-7. Phoenix, "Basic course in sensor/actuator fieldbus technology". Vogel Verlag. Physikalische Technische Bundesanstalt, "Investigations into the intrinsic safety of fieldbus systems". PTB 1994, ISBN 3-89429-512-0. Reinert, "Sichere Bussysteme fr die Automation" Hthig Verlag 2001, ISBN 3-7785-2797-5. Reienweber B., "Feldbussysteme". Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-486-24536-8. Rikkert de Koe, "OSI-Protocollen lagen 1 t/m 4". Kluwer Telematica, ISBN 90-201-2388-2. Rosch, "Gebudesystemtechnik: Datenubertragung auf dem 230V Netz". Verlag Moderne Industrie 1998, ISBN 3478-93185-1. Scherff, B. "Feldbussysteme in der Praxis". Springer Verlag 1999, ISBN 3-540-63880-6. Schnell, G. "Bussysteme in der Automatisierungs- and Prozesstechnik" (4th Ed.). Vieweg Verlag 2000, ISBN 3-52836569. Svacina, "Understanding Device Level Buses". Turck. Thompson, "Industrial Data Communications: Fundamentals And Applications" 3rd Edition. ISA Press 2002, ISBN 1-55617-767-4-G. Texas Instruments, "RS422 and RS485 Application Guide". VDI/VDE, "Richtlinien 3687: Auswahl von Feldbussysteme durch Bewertung ihrer Leistungseigenschaften fr verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche". VDI/VDE, 1997. Wittgruer, F. "Digitale Schnittstellen und Bussysteme". Vieweg Verlag 1999. Wrobel, "Optische bertragungstechnik in der Praxis, 2nd Ed.". Hthig Verlag 1998, ISBN 3-7785-2638-3. Wybranietz, "Multicast-Kommunikation in verteilten Systemen". Springer Verlag 1987, ISBN 3-540-52551-3.
Questions? Comments?
136

Fuhr

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fuhr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wireless Sensor Systems: Security Implications for the Industrial Environment

Dr. Peter L. Fuhr

RAE Systems Inc.

Wireless Sensor Networking

Sensor Market: $11B in 2001 Installation (wiring) costs: >$100B

Highly Fragmented Sensor Market

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Slide courtesy of Rob Conant, Dust 5

Industrial Market Sizing

Largest Application areas:

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Slide courtesy of Rick Kriss, Xsilogy

The True cost per monitored node to the End User

1xRTT, FLEX SAT, etc

3-Yr TOC $$$

Lower Meters $ Radio RF Range (dB) Miles $$$$$

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Slide courtesy of Rick Kriss, Xsilogy

What to do with the data?

Parameter of Interest Sensor

Measurement System Modifier

Output Signal Output Transducer

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

4. Security within various Wireless Delivery Schemes

5. An Integrated Solution 6. The Big Review

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Oh, who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!

(pretty ridiculous statement isnt it!

Lets ask some experts:

Back to the Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Strategy Workshop Participants

System integrators (6)

Industry analysts/venture capitalists (3)

Others (associations, government, media, researchers)

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

End-User View of Industrial Wireless

Short range (security)

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

Technology Group: Key Issues

Technology Group: Criticality Varies by Application (5 = most critical)

Biz WLAN 1 1 1/5

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

The Case of Vitek Boden

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

How did he do it?

A Favorite 2.4 GHz Antenna

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

WarDriving 802.11 HotSpots in Silicon Valley

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

WarDriving 802.11 HotSpots in San Francisco

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

The Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway!

Inside vs. Outside?

An Outside Example. When? April 2001

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

The Question: Who needs security in a wireless channel anyway?

ISA Wireless Security, P. Fuhr

2. How is security achieved in a wired channel?