CONSEQUENCES OF AN IMPAIRED MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM ON SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION APPRECIATING A HEALTHY MUSCLULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Consequences of an impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion Practise ways to care for the musculoskeletal system

An impaired musculoskeletal system

Cause by : 1) unbalanced diet 2) unhealthy lifestyle 3) aging process 4) hereditary / genetic Arthritis Muscular dystrophy

Osteoporo sis

Osteoporosis
Disease in which bone mass is reduced and the bones become porous and lighter Occurs most often in old people and menopause women (not produce estrogen causes more bone minerals to be lost than deposited - the bones become soft and brittle). Can be prevent by doing weight bearing exercise to stress the bones, taking a diet rich in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and refraining from smoking.

bones that are thin and brittle, with lots of holes inside them like a sponge

Muscular dystrophy
Caused by the progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles that control movement. (from legs upwards, chest muscle and neck) The affected muscles enlarge owing to deposits of fat and connective tissues but the muscle fibres degenerate and become small. This disease is caused by a mutated gene in the X chromosome and mainly affects boys.

Muscular dystrophy
Most common & serious form : Duchenne muscular dystrophy (degeneration of muscle) At present, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy but another technique still being studied (genetic engineering) Currently, steroid injection are being used to improve the strength of muscle but do not cure the disease

Muscles are made up of bundles of fibers (cells). A group of interdependent proteins along the membrane surrounding each fiber helps to keep muscle cells working properly. When one of these proteins, dystrophin, is absent, the result is Duchenne muscular dystrophy; poor or inadequate dystrophin results in Becker muscular dystrophy.

Muscular dystrophy

Arthritis
Refers to a group of skeletal disorders inflammation or degeneration of the joint. The joint become swollen, stiff and painful The ageing process caused by decreasing production of the synovial fluid in the joint. Cartilage covering the ends of the bones becomes thinner, the ligaments shorten and lose elasticity. 100 different of arthritis but the most ones are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout

Osteoarthritis
It is cause by the wear and tear of the cartilage between the bones inside certain joints. Patient suffer from painful, swollen, stiff knee. Treatment a surgeon can replace the damaged joints with artificial ones. (plastic/metal)

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane of the joints in the finger, wrist, ankle and feet

Gout
Deposition of uric acid in the joints. Uric acid is a normal waste product excreted in the urine The actual build-up of uric acid can result when the body has difficulty eliminating uric acid through the kidneys and urine or when the body produces too much uric acid. The tendency to accumulate uric acid is often hereditary Symptom : intense pain in one or more joints, redness, swelling and warmth over the joint

Gout

Appreciating a Healthy Musculoskeletal System

Ways to care for the musculoskeletal system 1. Following a balanced diet 1. Having good posture 1. Using proper attire 1. Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous exercise 1. Practicing correct and safe exercise technique

Following a balanced diet

A diet rich in protein, vitamins A, C and D calcium, phosphates and iron for building of strong bones Calcium and vitamin D : prevent osteoporosis Drinking fluoridated water : to harden bones Getting plenty of weight-bearing exercise : to increase bone mass

Good posture
Is the position of the body and the way a person holds his or her body To ensure our body is always well supported Bad posture : will put undue pressure on our muscle and spine and will effect the internal organ, can cause us to tire easily.

Good posture

Good posture

Using proper attire

A good shoes : strong & flexible soles and cushioned insoles Cloth : not inhibit the movement of body

Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous exercise

Stretching activities : to avoid cramps or injuries Drink water : to keep the body adequately hydrated

QUESTION 1 : TRIAL MARA 2004 EXERCISE : ESSAY ITEM

i) Before 30 years old ii) F1 : by taking a diet rich in calcium E1 : calcium is important for healthy bone formation F2 : by doing weight-bearing exercise E2 : to increase bone mass/to stress the bones

Cont
F3 : drink fluoridated water E3 : to give the bone and teeth more harden F3 : intake of vitamin D E3 : for absorption of calcium

Cont
F3 : intake of magnesium & boron E3 : for maintaining calcium in bones

F3 : intake of vitamin C E3 : increase bone mass

QUESTION 2(i) :TRIAL MARA 2005 Exercise : Structured Item

F1 : by taking a diet rich in calcium such as milk E1 : calcium is important for healthy bone development F2 : by doing weight-bearing exercise E2 : to increase bone mass/to stress the bones

 F3 : drink fluoridated water E3 : to give the bone and teeth more harden F1 : by taking calcium pill E1 : to increase the formation of bones

QUESTION 2(ii) :TRIAL MARA 2005 Exercise : Structured Item

F1 : During pregnancy, womens body undergo reduction / lose of calcium E1 : calcium for synthesis of foetuss bones F2 : the reduction of estrogen / menopause process E2 : less absorption of calcium / more bone minerals to be lost than deposited