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WS2-12
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2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Boundary Conditions
Set the Mach Number to 0.7 and flow direction components as shown.
The angle of attack () in this numerical case is 1.53 deg. The x-component of
the flow is cos and the y-component is sin .
It is common practice to adjust the numerical from the experimental in order to match the lift obtained in
the wind tunnel, and then to determine the drag associated with this lift. This adjustment of is carried out to
counter the effects of the wind tunnel enclosure.
Set a reasonable boundary condition for the
far field turbulence:
In reality the far-field air would be stationary. Wind
tunnels attempt to replicate this by using filters and
grids to obtain a low turbulence intensity at the
inlet.
Select Intensity and Length Scale
Set an intensity of 0.01%
Choose a length scale proportional to
the boundary layer thickness. Based on
an estimated maximum boundary layer
thickness of 50mm*, a suitable length
scale is 0.4 x 0.05m = 0.02m
* taken from a previous simulation
WS2-13
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Boundary Conditions
Select the thermal tab.
The wind tunnel operating conditions for validation test data give the
total temperature as T
0
= 311 K
We can therefore calculate the static temperature to be 283.24 K
K 24 . 283 so and 098 . 1
7 . 0 number Mach
air for 4 . 1
e temperatur static
K 311 e temperatur total
where
2
1
1
0
0
2
0
= =
= =
=
=
= =
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+ =
T
T
T
M
T
T
M
T
T
WS2-14
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Boundary Conditions
For both walls representing the airfoil, leave the default settings
which correspond to a no-slip condition for momentum and adiabatic
for thermal.
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Reference Values
Set the reference values: These are not used in the actual solution,
but are used for reporting coefficients, such as Cp.
Use the freestream conditions as a reference, so choose compute from
then select pressure-far-field-1 in the drop down list.
Note the reference values for density,
enthalpy, pressure, temperature,
etc. will update from the freestream
values you specified in the
pressure-far-field-1 boundary.
Set the reference length (which is not
updated from the far field boundary
values). In this 2D case, we will use
the airfoil chord length, of 1m.
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Methods
The CFD computation is now defined. However the solver settings need to
be modified. These dictate how fast, stable and accurate (within the mesh
and BC constraints) the solution will be.
Select Solution Methods in the LHS tree.
Keep the default settings for the implicit formulation and Roe-FDS flux type.
The explicit formulation is only normally used for cases where the characteristic
time scale is of the same order as the acoustic time scale, for example the
propagation of high Mach number shock waves.
The implicit formulation is more stable and can be driven much harder to reach a
converged solution in less time.
WS2-17
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Methods
Change the gradient method to Green-Gauss Node Based.
This is slightly more computationally expensive than the other methods
but is more accurate.
Select Second Order Upwind for flow and turbulence discretization.
To accurately predict drag, select the Second Order Upwind schemes.
WS2-18
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Controls
The Courant number (CFL) determines the internal time step and
affects the solution speed and stability.
The default CFL for the density-based implicit formulation is 5.0. It is
often possible to increase the CFL to 10, 20, 100, or even higher,
depending on the complexity of your problem. You may find that a lower
CFL is required during startup (when changes in the solution are highly
nonlinear), but it can be increased as the solution progresses.
As we will be using automatic
solution steering, the choice of CFL
at this stage is not important for this
case.
Keep the default under-relaxation
factors (URFs) for the uncoupled
parameters.
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Monitors
Set up residual monitors so the convergence can be monitored
Monitors > Residuals > Edit
Make sure plot is on
Turn off convergence checks by setting the criterion to none. This
means that the calculation will not stop based on the residual plots
convergence, but you can still see their progress.
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Monitors
Set up a monitor for the drag coefficient on the airfoil.
Select both wall zones and toggle on Print, Plot and Write.
Remember that is 1.53so we need to use the force vector as shown. -Lift and drag
are defined relative to the wind, not the airfoil.
Press OK, then follow the same process to setup a monitor for Lift.
The settings are identical except for the File Name (cl-history instead of cd-history) and the
Force Vectors defined as shown here:
You can specify
which window
FLUENT uses to
display plots. For
now, accept the
defaults.
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Solution Initialization
Initialize the flow field based on the far-field boundary:
Select Solution Initialization from the model tree
Compute from > pressure-far-field-1
Press Initialize.
Solution Steering enables the robust first order discretization in the
early-stages of the computation, then blends to the more accurate
second order schemes as the solution stabilizes.
Select Run Calculation, and toggle on Solution Steering
Change the flow type to transonic and keep default options
Full-Multi-Grid Initialization will compute a quick, simplified solution based on
a number of coarse sub-grids. This will then be used as a starting point for the
main calculation. FMG can help to get a stable starting point.
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Case Check
Check the case file and make sure there are no reported issues.
Use Run Calculation > Check Case
Any potential problems with the case setup will be raised in the case
check panel if there are no problems this panel will not appear. In this
case there is a recommendation to check the reference values for the
force monitors. Since we have already set these we can ignore this
warning.
Save the case file.
File > Save Project (if running under workbench)
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Run Calculation
Although the calculation is ready to compute, It is good practice (but
not strictly necessary) to run the FMG and then check the coarse
FMG solution before starting the main calculation iterations.
Set the number of requested iterations to zero, and press Calculate.
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Run Calculation
Check the pressure and velocity contours to make sure that no
spurious values are predicted.
Go to Graphics and Animations in the LHS tree, choose Contours
and Set Up
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Run Calculation
Choose Contours of Pressure > Static Pressure and Filled
Display. If you need to autoscale the display press <control> A
Zoom in as required.
Examine the min and max reported values.
Repeat for Contours of Velocity> Mach Number.
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Run Calculation
There are no spurious results from the FMG, so proceed to the main
calculation.
Return to Run Calculation in the LHS tree.
Change the number of windows to three (for the residual, drag and lift
monitors that we set up earlier).
Request 900 iterations.
Calculate
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Run Calculation
After 900 iterations the calculation has fully converged.
Note that the CFL has been updated during the calculation in a number of
stages, ramping up from 5 to 200 as we requested. This can be seen in
the CFL window and the effect on the residuals is also evident. By the
end of the calculation the residuals have converged well and are no
longer changing. The drag and lift monitors are also stable.
WS2-28
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Select Graphics and Animations in the LHS menu
Examine the contours of static pressure.
Turn off Filled to just display the
contour lines.
Adjust the Levels to increase the
number of contour lines.
The contour will display in the active
window (click a window to activate).
Alternatively, use the drop down menu to
return the display to a single window as
shown here
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Plot contours of Velocity > Mach Number and notice that the flow is
now locally supersonic.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Select Plots in the LHS menu.
Plot Pressure Coefficient along the top and bottom airfoil surfaces.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Compare experimental pressure coefficient plots which we can
import and plot here alongside the numerical prediction.
Click on Load File and browse for the files in your directory.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Once loaded, plot the CFD and experimental Cp plots together.
A good agreement can be seen.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
In order to obtain a good drag prediction, and for the turbulence
model to work effectively, we need to have a mesh that is well
resolved near to the wall, such that the first grid point is in the
viscous sub-layer. Ideally we want a Y+ value of 1 or less.
Plot Turbulence > Y+, along both of the airfoil walls.
Deselect the Pressure Coefficient File Data.
We can see that this is achieved here, the max Y+ is 0.75
WS2-34
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing [FLUENT]
Compare the predicted Cl and Cd against the experimental values.
From Reference 1
Cl = 0.241 and Cd = 0.0079
From the console window, we have predicted
Cl = 0.241 and Cd = 0.0083
Again, good agreement can be seen.
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Inventory #002601
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Save the project from the FLUENT file menu .
Take the middle option Continue after replacing settings file)
Close FLUENT (File > Close FLUENT)
Additional post-processing will now be performed in CFD Post.
Return to the Workbench Project window.
Click on Update Project and notice the Results panel update.
Right click on cell B2 (Results) and select edit. This will launch CFD Post.
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Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Note that CFD Post works in 3D, so a unit thickness will be added to
the 2D airfoil, with symmetry side boundaries.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Insert a new Contour and accept the default name Contour 1
Top menu > Insert > Contour
Choose the location as symmetry-1
Choose the variable to be pressure and Apply (zoom in)
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
A useful feature in CFD Post is the ability to compare two different
sets of CFD data.
Verify that the file NACA0012-mach-0.5-conv.dat.gz is in your working
directory.
File > Load Results Browse to your working directory.
Under Case options make sure keep current cases loaded is checked.
Open the File NACA0012-mach-0.5-conv.dat.gz.
Click OK if an Information/Warning dialog box appears.
We now have two data sets loaded and can do a case comparison.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Make sure that two windows are open, and select the respective
cases in a different window.
Lock the views so they are synchronised.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Toggle on location Symmetry 1 in each case.
Select Contour 1 and apply. We can compare the two pressure plots.
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WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Post Processing
Finally, we can plot the difference between the two.
In the Outline view, double-click Case Comparison.
The Case Comparison details view appears.
Select Case Comparison Active and click Apply.
A third viewport opens that displays the pressure difference between
the two cases.
WS2-42
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April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
Summary
In this tutorial we have used FLUENT within a Workbench project to
compute the transonic, compressible flow over a naca0012 airfoil.
We have imported a mesh that was generated in Gambit.
We have used the density based solver with solution steering.
We have compared the results to published experimental data and
seen good agreement.
We have seen how FLUENT can be linked to CFD Post in a
Workbench project, and we have explored some of the features
within CFD Post.
WS2-43
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2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
April 28, 2009
Inventory #002601
Workshop Supplement
WS2: Transonic Flow Over a NACA 0012 Airfoil
References
T.J. Coakley, Numerical Simulation of Viscous Transonic Airfoil
Flows, NASA Ames Research Center, AIAA-87-0416, 1987.
C.D. Harris, Two-Dimensional Aerodynamic Characteristics of the
NACA 0012 Airfoil in the Langley 8-foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel,
NASA Ames Research Center, NASA TM 81927, 1981.