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By J.Bhaumik
Governor characteristics
The main characteristics of a governing system is therefore the relationship between the generated load of the machine and its speed which is the prime governor input. This is known as the speed-loop droop or frequency regulation characteristics of the governor. Considering NR: Rated speed, NPR : Speed at full load NO: Speed at No load The steady state overall frequency regulation is defined as
N N N
0 R
PR
100
Types of Governors
There are three types of speed Governors Mechanical Hydraulic Electrical Combination of Hydraulic & Electrical With the increasing amount of automatic control equipment employed in a power plant greater demands are being made on turbine governing system with regard to their response sensitivity & speed of operation. An electro hydraulic governing system as thus been developed which needs these stringent requirements.
Mechanical Governor
It is a force balanced system, the centrifugal force of the rotating weight is balanced by the elastic force of a spring and the radial position taken by the weight is dependent on the speed of the rotation
Hydraulic Governor
A hydraulic Governor for a turbine consists of a centrifugal pump driven from the main shaft which supplies oil to a cylinder containing a spring loaded piston or bellows. The pressure is proportional to the square of the speed, so the position of the piston or bellows is a function of speed.
Electrical governor
Common design incorporates a permanent type shaft driven permanent magnet generator producing an a.c. wave having frequency of shaft speed. This wave is fed into an electric filter that resonates at a frequency corresponding to rated speed and the output is rectified to produce a d.c signal proportional to difference between rated and actual speed. This signal is amplified to form required speed correction signal. Another design utilizes digital signals from a shaft driven square wave generator, the output is compared with a reference square wave signal generated by an oscillator. The output of the comparator is rectified and amplified to form required control signal.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL GOVERNING SYSTEM 1. 2. House load operation is possible within acceptable range of frequency. Provision of load controller - Proportional + Integral control action as against pure proportional action of Mechanical/Hydraulic governors. Provision of taking aspects of thermal stresses of different parts of the turbine during startup, shutdown and normal load operation. This is valuable for enhancing life of the Turbine. Accurate control of the desired acceleration of the machine during rolling. Accurate control of the load gradient while loading the machine.
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Parallel Systems
Modern day turbines are equipped with two parallel governing systems a) Hydraulic (b) Electro Hydraulic Both independent of each other. Although only one of them comes into control action at any given point of time, the other governor acts as a backup and its output is in the ready- to- takeover mode(tracking mode).
Relays
The output of the speed governor requires amplification of both force and displacement to provide sufficient power to actuate the steam valves. It is the function of the governor relays (or servos) to perform this duty. More than one relay is usually employed due to the relative positions of the governor and steam valves and to provide the required force amplification The hydraulic amplifier is best suited as force amplifier for steam valve actuation. No other form of electrical or mechanical amplifier can develop the very high powers demanded by the essential high speed motions of the modern steam turbine valves. Even where electrical speed governor is adapted the electrical signal is converted to mechanical displacement to enable the final force amplification to be performed hydraulically.
HYDRAULIC AMPLIFIER
Speeder Gear
Speed Governors are fitted with stops which limit the speed range above and below which they operate. The normal operating range is 6% of the nominal speed. Within this range the speed may be controlled by an operator making an adjustment to the relationship between the radius of the governor weights and the position of the governor weights. The adjusting gear known as speeder gear acts in parallel with the speed governor. After an initial run up the speeder gear is used to bring the machine to rated speed before synchronization. After the machine is synchronized the speeder gear controls its power output. In electrical governing system function of speeder gear is achieved by means of a motor driven potentiometer. As the speeder gear setting is represented by a voltage that is added to the electrical speed governor signal.
Speeder Gear
Acceleration feedback
With a disconnection from the power system, the response of a governor without acceleration feedback would be controlled by the speed error term as modified by the droop law. If the speed droop is set to 4%, the valves would have fully closed by the time the speed was 4% above normal. A typical value of the initial acceleration rate is 12% per second, so it would be at least 0.33 seconds before the valves had been signalled to the fully closed state. In addition, inherent delays in the hydraulic system mean that the valves do not achive the signalled closure response. Taking a linear acceleration rate of 12% per second, the time to reach an overspeed of 10% would be 10/12 = 0.833 seconds. Because of the expansion of steem entrained between the steam valves and the turbine, the turbine will continue to accelerate after the steam valves are closed. To contain the overspeed within the trip setting of 10%, it is generally necessary to incorporate an acceleration term. With acceleration detection valves can be instructed to closed within 30 Ms of the load rejection and should be fully closed 100 Ms later.
Anticipatory Gear
The response of the governing gear should be sufficiently rapid in action, to prevent the transient over speed in the event of full load rejection so that it does not reach the setting of the over speed trip gear. This is achieved through the provision of anticipatory gear or the secondary governor in the circuit which acts by sensing the loss of electrical load either directly from the generator terminals or from the resultant acceleration of the turbine shaft.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE..
Availability of large regulating/ contingency reserves in the grid
Pumped storage plants,fast acting hydel plants are available at the command of load despatchers
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE..
Coarse frequency variation as shown above is brought in the fine variation range of 0.07 Hz , then the frequency control is done by free governor mode by fossil fired power stations. In UK, Coarse frequency control is provided by committing pumped storage plant (on reserve duty) to and from the generation mode, as required , plus dispatch instructions to other plant.
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE..
In the U.K. power system , it is usual for the peak demand to be met by first pumped storage devices , then by gas turbines and only after that merit order ranked coal fired power plant.
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