Introduction to Microwave Engineering

Dr. Hoda Boghdady Click to edit Master subtitle style Transmission Dept. National Telecommunication Institute

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Course Description
Week
1 2

Date
13/2 20/2

27/2

4 5 6

5/3 12/3 19/3

7 8 9 10 11 12

26/3 2/4 9/4 19/4 23/4 30/4

13 14 15

7/5 14/5 21/5

Reference book: Microwave Engineering, David Pozar, 5/23/12 2005

Microwave Concepts and definitions, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Transmission lines equations, line impedance, input impedance, VSWR, Dr. Adel Refky Waveguides, microstrip line characteristics, design equation, applications, Dr. Adel Refky Impedance matching, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Antenna, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Network analysis, Z and Y parameters, ABCD parameters, Dr. Adel Refky Exam Scattering parameters, Dr. Adel Refky Passive Devices, Dr. Adel Refky Microwave filters, Dr. Adel Refky Transistor stability, Amplifiers, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Mixers and Oscillators, Intermodulation noise, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Receiver architecture, AGC, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Microwave Measurements, Dr. Hoda Boghdady Revision

Topic

Question Three
Calculate the spectrum of the appropriate source to use to accomplish a chromatic dispersion less than 1 ns over 1km of a fiber cable given the material dispersion parameter 0.2ns/nm/km. If the dispersion is mainly due to chromatic dispersion, calculate the maximum bit rate to be transmitted over 15 Km using this fiber system for both RZ and NRZ codes.

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Question Four
An engineer has the following components available: - GaAlAs laser diode operating at 850nm giving 10mW output power - 500m long sections made of a MM fiber having attenuation of 0.5dB/km, each section is terminated (has a connector) at both ends. - Connector loss is 2dB/connector pair - A PIN photodiode receiver with sensitivity -45dBm a- write down the power budget equation for an optical link b- Calculate the dynamic range of the system given above c- What would be the longest link that can be designed using these components

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Question Five
A link between two central offices 30km apart is to be designed at 900MHz. The gain of the transmitting and receiving antenna is 30dB each, the total feeding system loss is 5dB/100 m. If the antenna heights are 65m and 85m respectively, calculate the system gain required to satisfy the link budget with at least 6 dB fade margin.

Question Six
It is required to shield a room to prevent mobile signal (900 MHz) from propagating in and out of the room. A material with propagation constant = + j = 40 +j 0.2 is used to build a wall around the room. If the field at the air wall interface is E= E0 exp-( + j)Z where E0 is the field amplitude at the air wall interface (Z = 0) and Z is the distance travelled by the wave, calculate the wall thickness required to insure appropriate signal decay (the skin depth).

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Question Seven
A microwave link is to be deployed in an urban area at 17 GHz. The transmitter antenna is to be located on a rooftop at 15 m. The receiver anenna is to be installed at 5m above ground level. Determine the maximum height of a building at the center of the path if the distance between transmitter and the receiver is 5Km.

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Question Eight
a)-Define the field regions around an antenna and specify the distance from the antenna that divide the two regions b)- What is the Front-to-Back ratio of an antenna and how it affects antenna installations c)- What is the benefit of using antenna arrays and what is the difference between linear and planar array

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Question Nine
Determin the surface height variation to consider a surface rough for a mobile signal wave incident at an angle of 30 degree to the normal assuming a phase change less than 90 degree is a reasonable criteria for smooth surface. The equation for phase change is given by:

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Some Concepts and Definitions

Decibel and Neper S/N, C/N, E/N Reflection and SWR Noise Figure Passive vs. active devices Linear and non-linear characteristics

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Decibels (dB)
Decibels is a power

ratio

defined by

dB = 10 log(P2/P1) P2 can the output and P1 the input, also in many occasions P1 is a reference power level, i.e. 1watt, 1mwatt, therefore dBw, dBm For antennas dBi is usually used to 5/23/12 specify power referred to isotropic

Note that :
power dBx represents an absolute value of While dB represents a relativemeans 10 times power level 10dB gain dBx Abs. level 0dBm 10dBm 0dBw -30dBw 1mwatt 100mwatt 1watt 0.001watt
20 dB gain means 100 times

60 dB gain means million times 10dBm 10dB 20dBm

Neper (Np)
The Neper is the unit for voltage or current ratio

S/N, C/N and Eb/N

At the receiver what matter is the ratio of the signal to the noise not the signal level S/N is the amount by which the signal exceeds the noise level (analog signal) C/N is the carrier level to the noise level Eb/N is equivalent to S/N for digital signals, Eb is the energy contained in one bit, N is the noise power per 1Hz cycle, BER is specified at a given receiver threshold All above ratios are measured in dB
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As the is very critical in telecommunication systems, noise contribution from the receiver is a critical issue. Noise contribution of the receiver itself should be kept to a minimum. Noise figure (NF) is always specified at the receiver only. It is the ratio of the S/N at the input to the S/N at the output.
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Noise Figure receiving signal

Noise Figure cont.

Best case NF = 0 dB Worst case NF = 3 dB

Noise Figure cont.

For cascaded elements
NF1, G1 NF2, G2 NF3, G3

Reflection Coefficient

At any impedance mismatch there will be a reflected wave, therefore all terminations should be matched, it varies from 0 to 1 in magnitude

Reflection should be measure at the point of concern Reflection coefficient is used to measure impedances at microwave frequencies

Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

SWR is standing wave ratio on a RF transmission lines, it is independent on position for lossless system, it varies from 1 up to (3.5) It is used to measure reflection between the feeder and the antenna It can be measure at any point in the T.L.

Passive vs. Active Devices

Passive: means devices that doesnt add power to the system (T.L., circulator, filters, antennas, etc

Passive devices are usually cheaper, easier to design, can have broadband c/cs

Active: means devices that adds power to the system (amplifiers)

Active devices need more critical designs, B.W. limited, power limited, more expensive and need special 5/23/12 operation conditions (Temp.)

Linear and Non-linear Characteristics

For microwave devices input-output characteristics and frequency response are very important Most used devices are linear except:

Mixers and power amplifiers

Non linear devices can cause signal distortion (AM to PM, and intermodulation noise)
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What is Microwave

The term microwave refers to alternating current signals with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz Corresponding wavelength between 1m and 1mm respectively Signals with mm wavelengths are called millimeter waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Microwave history

Reading Pozar page 3-5 Electromagnetic concepts were developed more than 100 years ago (around1885) Microwave technology started with radar applications as far back as world war II Technology started at low frequencies due to lack of reliable 5/23/12 microwave sources and components

Microwave Problems Analysis

High frequency and short wavelength standard circuit theory generally cannot be used directly to solve microwave networks problems Why ? Circuit theory is an approximation of Maxwells equations, and at microwave frequencies these assumptions are not valid anymore Microwave components are often

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Phase Change
Wavelength is the distance a wave travel to have a 2 phase change (comes to the same point assuming sinusoidal wave)
Phase Difference is very important
2 d t

F = 10 GHz = 3 cm F = 50 Hz Km
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= 5000

Signal Analysis
Three cases can be identified:

Low frequency: circuit theory is used as wavelength is large compared to the element dimension that the phase variation is insignificant High frequency: the wavelength is comparable to the components Maxwells equations are used for rigorous solutions, also equivalent 5/23/12 transmission line circuit can be used

Microwave system analysis

In microwave engineering one must often begin with Maxwells equations and their solutions Field theory solutions provides a complete description of EM field at every point in space Microwave engineer are more interested in terminal quantities such as: Power, impedance, voltage and current which can be expressed in circuit theory concepts 5/23/12

High frequency and short wavelength give provide unique microwave applications :

Microwave Unique Characteristics

Antenna size and gain depends on frequency, the size is half the wavelength and the gain increases at higher freq. Radar resolution is proportional to the wavelength, shorter wavelength detects smaller objects 5/23/12

Microwave Disadvantages

Higher atmospheric losses Reliance on GaAs instead of Si technology Expensive components Active components have higher losses and lower output power

speeds. However, GaAs processing is more expensive and the yield is lowe than that of Si. 5/23/12 devices are commonly used up to 2 GHz, above 4 GHz GaAs Si based

Less accurate design tools and less The electron mobility in GaAs is higher than that in silicon. mature technology Therefore, GaAs devices can operate at higher frequencies and

Microwave Application

Wireless communication: Space, long distance, mobile, aircraft, marine, etc. Although satellite systems have weak business models, smaller satellite system are extremely successful, e.g. GPS, DBS, VSAT Radar: collision avoidance, weather, imaging, traffic control, weapon guidance Navigation: GPS, auto pilot, terrain 5/23/12 avoidance, collision avoidance

A Simple Wireless System

A band limited fm signal is filtered, mixed with LO signal to produce the modulated carrier (up-conversion), then amplified and converted into 5/23/12 electromagnetic wave

A Simple Wireless System

At the receiving side, the signal is amplified by a low noise amplifier (LNA) which can be omitted in short distance communication, the signal is 5/23/12

Microwave components

Microwave transmission systems rely on components such that: Transmission lines, couplers Filters, resonators Signal control components Amplifiers, oscillators, mixers Detectors Antennas 5/23/12