Group Members

Hafsa Farooq Anam Fatima Sadaf Ashiq Umar Nawaz Irfan Ali Adeel shezad (7756) (7801) (7757) (7789) (7763) (7764)

Hafsa Farooq Roll no: 7756

Topic: Introduction and importance of Research and Development

Strategy implementation stage

Research and Development issues

Introduction
R & D is high tech technology Heavy amount is spent on it to use technology Through this, firm is able to discover knowledge about products and services

Definition
Research and development is one of the means by

which business can experience future growth by developing new products or processes to improve and expand their operations

Importance of Research and Development

1. Transferring complex technology 2. Adjusting processes to local raw materials 3. Adapting processes to local markets 4. Altering products to particular tastes and specifications

The largest spenders on R&D Johnson & johnson

Spending on R&D 2011 spending: $7.5 billion 2010 spending: $6.8 billion Percentage of revenue: 11.5%

Sadaf Ashiq Roll No: 7757 Topic: Internal and External R&D , constrains of R&D

Internal and External R&D

R&D results in a temporary product or process monopoly that the company exploit

 A major effort in R&D may be very risky because it may lead to development of an ultimately obsolete technology

If technology is changing slowly but the market is growing fast, R&D is expertise on an exclusive or nonexclusive basis from an outside firm

Constraints in Research & Development

Level of support constrained by resource availability Technological improvements shorten product life cycles

Major Approaches of R & D

There are at least three major R&D approaches for implementing strategies.

First approach
To be the First firm to market new technological products

Second approach
Be an innovative imitator of successful products

Third approach
Low-cost producer of similar but less expensive products

Umar nawaz Roll no. 7789 Topic: MIS, role, types & resources of MIS

Management Information System Issues

Introduction
MIS provides information that is needed by organizations This term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making These are used to analyze operational activities in the organization

Definition:
Management information system is that system in which raw data is collected and analyze it. After making it useful, it is used for decision making of business

Resources of MIS
People

Technology
Information

Resources of MIS
1.people 2.technology 3.information

Types of MIS
1. Transaction-Processing Systems

2. Decision support systems

3. Executive information systems (EIS)

4. Marketing information systems

Irfan ali Roll no. 7763 topic:

Role & need of MIS in strategic management Advantages & Disadvantages of MIS

Role of MIS in strategic management

To develop strategic information knowledge to help the organization to succeed in technological corporate environment The aim of this technology is to think strategically, creatively and critically To equip the business with the tools necessary for analyzing business situation, and prepare plans for their implementation

Need of MIS In Organization

Rapid and speedy challenges
MIS uses computer technology Saves time

Goals of M.I.S

Provide managers with information

Regular, routine operations

Control, organize and plan better

To develop leadership skills to work effectively

To develop interpersonal and communication skills in the management at all levels To develop technological skills

Issues in Management Information System

issues identified relevant to the development of MIS include

Technology

Economy
Process features

View of organization
self-image

Advantages of MIS for the Organization

Ability of IT to link and enable employees Increases the overall communication within a firm People from the various units of a corporation can interact with each other On-line access to the organization's current performance and historical records

 MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form

It brings Co ordination
It makes control easier

MIS focuses on results and goals, and highlights the factors and reasons for non-achievements

Disadvantages of MIS for the Organization

individual can access any information in any part of the organization with the aid of the appropriate technology IT can often lead to information overload Lack of flexibility to update itself It tends to provide the information generally the function calls for. MIS then becomes an impersonal function

Conclusion
Research and development managers have to transfer complex technologies or develop new technologies to successfully implement strategies. Information systems managers are being called upon more and more to provide leadership and training for all individuals in the firm.