adr Hyk

Ancient Zippalanda

The Alisar Regional Project Excavations at Cadir Hoyuk The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

adr Hyk: The SeniorStaff

Dr. Ronald L Gorny, Director Dr. Gregory McMahon, Associate Director Dr. Sharon Steadman, Field Director Dr. Samuel Paley, Assistant Director Dr. Jenni Ross, Asstant Director Dr. Marica Cassis, Byzantine Project Director Dr. Bruce Verhaaren, Survey Director Carol Schneider, Project Manager

adr Hyk: The Specialists

Ben Arbuckle: Faunal Remains Alexia Smith: Paleobotanical Remains

Carola Manzano: Conservation

Terence Ahern: Computerization Claudia Glatz: Second Millennium

Marica Cassis: Byzantine Era

Tilkiburnu Yarmburgaz

Black Sea Black Sea

Pendik Ilpnar Byk Gllcek Alaca Hyk

Ikiztepe

Ikiztepe Dndartepe
Alaca Hyk Yarkkaya

Troy Demirci Hyk

Beycesultan

Hittite Anatolia 2000-1200 BC

Izmir Mersin

Miletus

Erbaba Kosk Hyk Gelveri-Gzelyurt Kuruay Malatya atal Hyk Hacilar Hycek Canhasan Suberde Bademagac Tarsus Carchemish Mersin

Bogazkoy Cadir Hoyuk Salur Hyk Orta Hyk Alisar Hyk , Alisar Hyk Kultepe Asikli Hyk ,, Acemhyk
adr Hyk

Tarsus

Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea

0 0 100 100 200 km 200 km

Alalakh Ugarit

The Geographic Setting for the Alisar Regional Project: The Cadir Hoyuk Excavations

and Boazky (Hattua)

(Hurranau ?)

Research Area
(Zippalanda?)

(Mt. Daha?)

Salur Hyk (Katapa?)

(Ankuwa?)

The Kanak Su Basin, Central Turkey

(Kltepe/Kane)

After the long trip from Chicago, we arrive home

Life in the Village of Peyniryemez

Excavation Compound in Peyniryemez with Kerkenes Dag (Mt. Pushkurunwa?) in the background

The Excavation House: at home in Peyniryemez

Huseyins Garden

Rons Room

Excavation House Scenes

Mens Tents

The Terrace Lokanta

Hanging out after a long day

Saving Cadir Hoyuk 1994

adr Hyk/Zippalanda from altepe/Daha

adr Hyk and Gelingll Lake As seen from the Excavation House

Aerial View of Cadir Hoyuk in 1994

N
Northern Terrace

East Slope Step Trench

South Slope

North Slope

Citadel Summit

Area 2 Area 6 Area 4 Area 5 Area 3 Area 1

Excavation Areas
Area 1 East Trench Area 2 Terrace Area 3 The S. Trench Area 4 Citadel Area 5 Lower S.Slope Area 6 North Trench Area 7 altepe

Area 7

East Trench Views

Aerial View of Step Trench

1994

East Trench 1994: Walls 7 and 6

East Trench 2003

Square 800.940

Walls 7 & 6

East Trench: Wall F 20

Trench 800.930

Thickness of wall F 6 = 6 m

Early Old Hitt building and pots

Superstructure F 20

F 20

Burned debris from wall F 20 destruction

1994

Mudbricks

F 6 (exterior of casemate wall) F7

East Trench 2001

Burned debris

F 20 superstructure

The makeup of Wall F 20

F 20 F6

Byzantine
Iron Age F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)

F 1 (MH)

Double Rooms (OH)

East Trench Settlement Sequence

F 20 (OH-MB Trans)

East Trench 2005: Trench 800.920 Early Old Hittite Rooms and Pit 41

Knobbed-Pot from Pit F 41

Early Old Hittite Pottery

East Trench: 800.920

Early Old Hittite Pottery

Goldglimmerware

Karum Period
Animal foot

Early Old Hittite Period

Small Finds from 800.920

Miniature Figurine The Stormgod?

Small Finds

Cylinder Seal ca. 1400 BC

Byzantine
Iron Age F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)

F 1 (MH)

Double Rooms (OH)

F 20 East superstructure Trench Settlement Sequence

F 20 (OH-MB Trans)

Hittite Empire F 1 MH Wall

Later Pit

Two rooms (Old Hittite)

Pottery bench Remains of F 20 superstructure

The superstructure above F 20

??
mb wall? Follow this wall

Tumble
2 Meters + ??

Door? Pit?

Mud/mudbrick of wall F 20 (OH) superstructure looking south

East Trench : The Empire Period Wall

F 71
F 1 MH Wall

Middle Hittite Fill F 67

F 69

F 72

6m

F 68
F 67

Middle Hittite Fill

F 68
F 69 F 72

F ??

F 71

East Trench Detail

F67 and F 71 Hittite Empire Wall ?

MH Fill

Middle Hittite Period Fill

Ca. 1550-1450 BC

F 67

Early
Old Hittite
East Trench

800.910
Wall F 68 Old Hittite 15th Century?

The Hittite Empire Period Upper East Trench

Lower East Trench

Lower East Trench

The Second Millenium Sequence Seen from the Northeast Terrace

North Gate (Hitt. Empire)

Wall F 71& 67 (Hittite Empire/13th C.) Wall F 1 (Middle Hittite/15th-14th C.)

Old Hittite Rooms and Pots Wall F 20 (Early Old Hittite) Walls F 6 and 7 (OACP Karum II and Ib) Walls F 34 and 35 (OACP)

Lower East Trench (OACP & OH)

OACP and Old Hitt on the Terrace

East Trench Finds in Context

Cadir Hoyuk South Slope Excavations 2006

The South Trench 2000

Hellenistic

Iron Age

Byzantine

Hittite Late Classical wash and fill Iron Age EB II Hittite

Chalcolithic

Southern Slope in 2001

A Hittite Cultic Alter and other items from the Stormgods Temple at Zippalanda?
X

Early Iron Installation

Late Iron Addition Middle Iron Gate(?)

Middle (and Late) Iron Age Gate Upper South Slope

The North Slope and Gate

Late Iron Age blockage of Hittite gate

 North Slope:

Three phases of North Gate 2nd millennium Early Iron Age Late Iron Age

2004 2006

An Approach to the Citadel?

Ramp or Stairway a la Bogazkoy

Base of the Mound Magnetometry

The Lower City from the Citadel Mound

From Bogazkoy
Lower Gate

To Caltepe

halentuwa/palace

OA/OH Sounding

ramp or steps?
To Citadel Monumental Gate

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

The Terrace Sounding

Terrace Sounding

Hittite Processional Way?

Cadir 2nd Millennium Objects

Weaponry from Cadir Hoyuk

Miniature Libation Bowls

Lion Representations

Second Millennium Ceramics

Cadir Caltepe: Zippalanda - Daha

Stormgod of ZippalandasTemple Complex

Hilammar

hilammar

Temple Complex

Cult Niche

Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda

The Royal Route to Daha

Salir (Katapa) Temple Alisar (Ankuwa)

Caltepe/Mt. Daha

Kirklartepe

Egri Su (river)

Storerooms?
Mound

hilammar

Temple Complex

Cult Niche

Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda

A Cult Niche?

A Stone Installation Summit of Caltepe - Daha

Awaken from your sweet sleep O Stormgod of Zippalanda. Look! We have brought to you on your beloved mountain, our Lord, the king, the priest of your mother the Sungoddess of Arinna! - Prayer from Zippalanda Text

Hittite kings view of Zippalanda (center) from the Gate to the Temple Area on Mt Daha.

Temple of the Stormgod overlooking Zippalanda

Gate Cadir Hoyuk

80 m

40 m

The Stormgod of Zippalandas Temple on Mt. Daha

Courtyard Storeroom

Storeroom

Storeroom

Gate to the Hittite hilammar on altepe - Mt. Daha

The Kings Road from Daha (altepe) To Katapa (Salur) and Ankuwa (Aliar)
Salur Hoyuk/Katapa?

Aliar /Ankuwa?

and Boazky (Hattua) (Hurranau

?)

Hatti
(Mt. Puskurunwa?)
(Zippalanda?) (Mt. Daha?)

altepe

Salur Hyk (Katapa?)

(Ankuwa?)

Proposed Indentifications in the Kanak Su Basin

(Kltepe/Kane)

Early Iron Age / Dark Age Cadir

Early Iron Age / Dark Age adr

Plaster Surfaces and Spindle Whorls

2nd Millennium - Iron Age Transition

Iron Age Building and Underlying Hittite Pits

Dark Age Building and Fallen Mudbrick

Upper South Trench

Late Hittite Ritual Pits?

Late Hittite
Ritual Pits?

Dark Age Pottery

Early Iron Age Pottery

An Iron Age Pot

The Late Iron Age Southern Gate

Eastern (2008) and Western (2005) Piers of the Late Iron Age Gate (cf. Alisar gate).

Iron Age Architecture

2006
North Slope Casemate Wall 2005

Late Iron Age Gate Architecture

Late Iron Age gate pier

Lower South Trench ---------------Iron Age Overview --------------East Balk

The Middle Iron Age Wall and Foundation

later disturbance

Cadir Hoyuk Chronology

The following tables provides a chronological outline of the site's settlement as revealed in archaeological efforts undertaken at adr between 1993 and 2005. Please note that the phases of occupation are numbered in ascending order, on the assumption that we have exposed all the major phases that we will find (with the possible exception of the Neolithic) from earliest to latest (I - X). The subphases, on the other hand, are lettered in descending order on the assumption that additional subphases may be uncovered below those already accounted for. I emphasize that while this is a preliminary chart and is susceptible to change and organization, it does reflect our current understanding of adr's historical development.

Islamic (X) to Hellenistic (VII)

Period Islamic Byzantine Phase X IXa Dates/sublevels 1100 and after ca. 1075, Latest rebuild Primary Areas Comments Area around mound Misc. Pottery and a Seljuk coin in a nearby valley Area 4 (800.890) Poorly rebuilt walls (unfinished?) Stone pile in central courtyard

Byzantine

IXb1

ca. 1000 AD Rebuilding of main fort Area 4 (800.890)

Area 2 (910.920 1050.1000);

Ceramics, walls, and many coins; Ash and burning over animal remains, many 11th c. coins with animals. Samuel Alusianos lead sealing
Const. X (1059-1067) coin on terrace. 2nd phase exterior citadel wall; Large mortared interior wall F! continues in use. Coarse Ware pots

IXb2 Byzantine IXc1i

Last sublevel Bldg I (terr) Foundations in Terrace sounding 2nd sublevel of Bldg A (cit) ca. 800-900 AD

Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Sounding (910.920) Area 4; Citadel (800.890)

IXc1ii IXc2i IXc2i Byzantine IXd1

2nd sublevel building I (terr) 1st sublevel Bldg. A (cit) 1st sublevel Bldg I (terr) Early Byzantine ca. 500-600 AD

Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Area 4 Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Area 4 (Citadel ?)

Imitation African Red Slip 1st phase exterior citadel wall; main interior wall (F 1); plaster floors and plaster basin. African red slipped ware.

IXd2i

Early Byzantine ca. 500-600 AD

Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) especially Surface F33/34)

IXd2i

Early Byzantine ca. 500-600 AD

Citadel (?)

unexcavated

IXd2ii

Terrace (esp. surface F 37).

Inlaid box lid

Roman Hellenistic

VIII VII

100 BC-300 AD 300-100 BC

Area 2 (910.920) Area 2 (910.920) Area 3 (770.890 and 770.900)

Pottery on the terrace only Pottery and robber trench, Wall at top of E.step- trench.

Iron Age (VI) Middle Bronze (III)

Late Iron VI 500-300 BC Area 4 (790.890) Area 5 (850.880) Painted sherds across site, esp. in (Achaemenid) Monumental north gate rea and south Phrygian Gate area.

Middle Iron Age

Va

ca 1000-500 B.C.

Area 3 (770.890)

Phrygian Sherds, pots, gate, city walls and installations.

Early Iron and Dark Age Bronze sherds with walls foundations; c14 dated. Hittite Empire Period: sherds, architecture & City wall.

Early Iron/ Late Trans. Late Bronze II

Vb

ca. 1200-1000 BC

Area 4 (780.890)

IVa

ca 1400-1200 BC

Area 1 (800.930) Area 3 (770.880) Area 4 (790.890) Area 5 (850.880) Area 7 (Caltepe) Area 1 (800.930 )

Monumental gate. Temple and hilammi (?)

Old Hittite Kingdom: sherds,pots, and walls throughout whole east trench. Wall 20 w/ burned bricks OACP Pottery sherds
Pottery sherds and installation

Late Bronze I

IVb

ca. 1600-140. BC

MB/LB trans.

IIIa

Old Assyrian Colony Age ca. 1750-1700 BC

(=Karum Ia)

Area 1 (800.930) Area 3 (760.880)

Area 2 (Terrace)

Middle Bronze

IIIb

Old Assyrian Colony Age ca. 1850- 1750 BC (=Karum Ib) Old Assyrian Colony Age ca. 2000 -1850 BC (=Karum II)

Area 1 (800.930) Area 3 (760.880) Area 2 (terrace)

Casemate wall, rooms w/ OACP Pottery, pits above mudbrick walls., c14 dated. Pottery sherds City Wall and Gate; other architecture; c14 dated

Middle Bronze II

IIIc

Area 1 (800.93 0)

Early Bronze III (II) to Neolithic (I)

Early Bronze III Early Bronze II Early Bronze I Trans. EB I/LC IIa IIb IIa2 IIa1 ca. 2300-2000 BC (EB III) ca. 2800-2300 BC (EB II) ca. 3000-2800 BC (EB I) ca. 3200 BC Area 1 (800.930) Area 3 (789.890) Area 3 (760.880) Area 3 (770.910) Area 3 (770.890) Intermediate and Cappadocian wares. Red chaff-tempered Pottery sherds. 2-room houses Graves cut into 1b; hearths above "burned room; black polished pottery and black incised wares; copper grave goods; c14 dated. Small weak wall foundations (1998). Stronger foundations under and 770.900) Ia1. Pithos room, above gate Levels under Ia2 wall 770.900). Separated| from gate by plaster floor and destruction. debris; c14 dated Gate and Enclosure Wall: 770.900) (latest Phase) c14 dated Gate and Enclosure wall (earliest Phase); c14 dated. fill layer w/ F 42; c14 dated F 43 wall; c14 dated. F 44 wall foundation No evidence

Late Chalco. Late Chalco.

Ia1 Ia2

ca. 3200-3250 BC ca. 3250-3300 BC

Area 3 (770.890) Area 3 (770.890)

Late Chalco.

Ib1

ca. 3300-3350 BC

Area 3 (770.890 and

Late Chalco. Late Chalco. Early Chalco. Early Chalco. Early Chalco. Neolithic

Ib2 Ib3 Ic Id Ie If

ca. 3350-3600 BC ca. 3600-3700 BC ca. 4500 BC (c14) ca. 5200 BC (c14) ca. 5300 BC ca. 5500 BC

Area 3 (770.890 and Area 3 (770.890 and 770.900) Deep Sounding Deep Sounding Deep Sounding unexcavated

Cadir Hoyuk c14 Samples

Sample
Beta 134066 Beta 134069 Beta 134070

FCN no.
2494 2454 2582

Year
1999 1999 1999

14C Age

Square

context
L 53 L 46 L 42

2s max cal age (cal age intercept) min cal age

3780 - 3505 BC (Cal BP 5730 - 5455) and 3435 - 3380 BC (Cal BP 5385 - 5330) 3705 - 3620 BC (Cal BP 5655 - 5570) and 3590 - 3525 BC (Cal BP 5540 - 5475) 3485 - 3475 BC (Cal BP 5435 - 5423) and 3370 - 2835 BC (Cal BP 5320 - 4785) and 2830 - 2645 BC (Cal BP 4780 - 4595) 1270 - 910 BC (Cal BP 3220 - 2860) 1190 - 840 BC (Cal BP 3140 - 2790) 2880 - 2450 BC (Cal BP 4830 - 4400) 5220 - 4940 BC (Cal BP 7170 - 6890) 4520 - 4480 BC (Cal BP 6670 - 6430) 3670 - 3360 BC (Cal BP 5620 - 5310)

4840 +/- 180 BP 770.900 4850 +/- 50 BP 770.900 DS 4380 +/- 130 BP 770.890

Beta 146703 Beta 146704 Beta 146705 Beta 146707 Beta 146710 Beta 146714

3193 3467 3856 3130 3510 3565

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

2890 +/- 60 BP 2840 +/- 60 BP 4080 +/- 80 BP 6130 +/- 40 BP 5740 +/- 50 BP 4750 +/- 80 BP

780.890 780.890 789.890 770.89 DS 770.900 770.900

L5 F4 L 11 F 43 L 65 F 56

Beta 159385
Beta 159388 Beta 159389 Beta 159391

4400
4794 5360 4568

2001
2001 2001 2001

2920 +/- 70 BP
3300 +/ - 80 BP 3400 +/- 70 BP 4700 +/- 80 BP

780.890
800.930 800.930 770.890

F5
F 23 F 23 L 69

1360 - 1360 BC (Cal BP 3310 - 3300) and 1320 - 920 BC (Cal BP 3260 - 2870)
1750 - 1410 BC (Cal BP 3700 3360 1910 - 1530 BC (Cal BP 3860 - 3480) 3650 - 3340 BC (Cal BP 5600 - 5290)

Cadir Hoyuk c14 Samples by Period

Sample 146707 146710 134066 134069 146714 159391 134070 146705 159389 159388 159385 146703 146704 Chalcolithic 5220 - 4940 4520 - 4480 3780 - 3505 3705 - 3620 3670 - 3360 3650 - 3340 3485 - 3475 Early Bronze MB - Old Hitt Late Bronze II Iron Classical

2830 - 2645 2880 - 2450 1910 - 1530 1750 -1410 1360 - 1360 1270 - 910 1320 - 920 1190 - 840

NOTE: These are maximaum dates. Minimum dates recorded only when they fall in the succeeding period 2002 samples still pending.

Funding for the Cadir Hoyuk Excavations has come from:

The National Science Foundation The Loeb Foundation of Harvard University Dumbarton Oaks The University at Buffalo Foundation, A State University of New York Chancellors Award for Overseas Programs Hood College Mitsubishi National Geographic The Anatolian Archaeological Research Foundation The University College London Institute of Archaeology Ramerica International, Inc. The American Turkish Society, Inc. Cotton Couture, Inc. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Private donors included Mr. Erden Arkan, Mr. George Blumenthal, Mr. Arnold Flegenheimer, Mr. I. Michael Kasser, Mrs. Louise A. ValdesFauli, Mr. Frank Spring, Mrs. Edmee Reit, Mr. Rick Schneider and Ms. Barbara Koz Paley.

Tessekr Ederim!