a-, an- Denotes an absence of, without, not abdomin(o)- Of or relating to the abdomen, -ac, -acal pertaining alb-

Denoting a white or pale color, alge(si)- pain

Apathy ,Analgia Abdomen cardiac, hydrophobiac, White Albino Analgesic

algia (pain)
ankyl(o)-, ancyl(o)- Denoting something bent curved ante- positioned in front of, before, Post- after anti- 'against' or 'opposed to arthr(o)- Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs

Myalgia
Ankylosis ante partum Post partum Antibody, antipsychotic Arthritis

asthenia weakness
brady- slow bronch(i)- bronchus carcin(o)- cancer crab cele pouching, hernia cephal(o)- Of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) cervic- Of or pertaining to the neck chol(e)- Of or pertaining to bile

Myasthenia gravis
Bradycardia Lungs Carcinoma Hydrocele, Varicocele Cephalalgy Cervicodorsal Cholaemia

crani(o)- Belonging or relating to the cranium

dis- separation, taking apart dys- bad, difficult ect(o)- outer,

Craniology
Dissection Dysphagia, dysphasia Ectopic pregnancy

ectomy surgical operation or removal of a body part

emesis vomiting condition emia blood condition ,without blood endo- Denotes something as 'inside' or 'within enter(o)- Of or pertaining to the intestine epi- before, upon, on, outside, outside of episi(o)- Of or pertaining to the pubic region, gastr(o)- Of or pertaining to the stomach,

Mastectomy
Hematemesis Anemia Endocrinology, Gastroenterology epicardium, episclera, Episiotomy stomach, belly

hyper- Denotes something as 'extreme' or 'beyond normal Hypertension

hyp(o)- Denotes something as 'below normal hyster(o)- Of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus ic pertaining to Hypoglycemia Hysterectomy Hepatic , Naturovedic

HUMAN BODY
Human body made up of nearly one trillion cells Body divided into three parts, namely1) Head & Neck 2) Trunk 3) Extremities

Thorax

Abdomen

Pelvic

Hands and Legs with Fingers

Draw one vertical line from mid of the Clavicle through top of the Iliac crest on right and left side Draw one horizontal line touching two 10th rib and another horizontal line touching top of two Iliac crest This will divide Abdomen into nine parts

Right Hypochondriac Digestive: Liver, Gall Bladder Small Intestine, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon Endocrine: Right Kidney. Excretory: Right Kidney Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive:NONE Right Lumbar Digestive: Liver (tip),Gall Bladder Small Intestine, Ascending Colon Endocrine: Right Kidney Excretory: Right Kidney. Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive: None

Epigastric Digestive: Stomach, Liver (tip), Pancreas (tail of), Small Intestine, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Left Kidney Excretory: Left Kidney. Lymphatic: Spleen Reproductive: NONE Umbilical Digestive: Stomach, Pancreas Small Intestine, Transverse Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Right & Left Kidneys Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys, Right & Left Ureters. Lymphatic: Cisterna chili Reproductive: NONE Hypogastric Digestive: Small Intestine, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum Endocrine: Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.). Excretory: Right & Left Ureters, Urinary Bladder. Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive: Female Uterus * Right & Left Ovaries Right & Left Fallopian Tubes Male -Vas Deferens,

LeftHypochondriac Digestive: Stomach, Pancreas Small Intestine, Transverse Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Right & Left Kidneys. Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys, Right & Left Ureters. Reproductive: NONE Left Lumbar Digestive: Small Intestine, Descending Colon. Endocrine: Left Kidney (tip. ) Excretory: Left Kidney (tip). Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: NONE

Right Iliac Digestive: Small Intestine, Appendix Cecum & Ascending Colon Endocrine: Right Ovary(Females) Excretory: NONE Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: Female Right Ovary, Right Fallopian Tube Male - NONE

Left Iliac Digestive: Small Intestine, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon Endocrine: Left Ovary (Females). Excretory: NONE. Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: Female - Left Ovary, Left Fallopian Tube, Male NONE

DISEASE

SEXUAL PROBLEMS

Description Male reproductive system

Sexual dysfunction can be a result of a physical or psychological problem. Physical causes: Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of certain medications, including some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual desire and function. Psychological causes: These include work-related stress and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.

How do Sexual Problems Affect Men? The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire. What Are Ejaculation Disorders? There are different types of ejaculation disorders, including: Premature ejaculation -- This refers to ejaculation that occurs before or soon after penetration. Inhibited or retarded ejaculation -- This is when ejaculation is slow to occur. Retrograde ejaculation -- This occurs when, at orgasm, the ejaculate is forced back into the bladder rather than through the urethra and out the end of the penis.

40% of men experience some degree of ED at age 40 compared with 70% of men at age 70. And the percentage of complete ED increases from 5% to 15% as age increases from 40 to 70 years. But this does not mean growing older is the end of your sex life. ED can be treated at any age. Inhibited Sexual Desire Inhibited sexual desire simply means decrease in interest for sexual activity. It is also called loss of libido. It results from psychological factors like anxiety or depression, and physical factors such as diabetes, medical illnesses, high blood pressure, side-effect of medications and even relationship problems.

PHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTION

Mechanical

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Stimulation

PARASYMPATHATIC NERVES EXTENDS FROM SACRAL PLEXUS TO ERECTILE TISSUE

Release acetylcholine Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells in arteries Vasodilatation
Blood enters in arteries and they in turn filling the corpora spongiosum and cavernosa with blood

ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins

ERECTION OF PENIS

Discontinue in parasympathetic stimulation Constriction of penile arteries stimulate sympathetic nerves

Arterial dilatation ends completes venal occlusion

Blood flow back through vein

Penis becomes flaccid

The cerebral cortex can initiate erection in the absence of direct mechanical stimulation (in response to visual, auditory, olfactory, imagined, or tactile stimuli) acting through erectile centers in the lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord. The cortex can suppress erection even in the presence of mechanical stimulation, as can other psychological, emotional, and environmental factors. The term that is opposite to erection is detumescence

Premature ejaculation

Ejaculation
COMPONENTS Emission Ejaculation Orgasm TYPES Rapid/premature Delayed/retarded Retrograde

PE
Biological

Genes

Young age

Cultural

ISSM definition of PE
Ejaculation which always or nearly always occurs prior to or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration Inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations Negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration &/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy

Definition PE
Lack of control of ejaculation Dissatisfaction of sexual experience Distress to man and his partner Latency times (IELT)

Often associated with a secondary performance anxiety Erectile dysfunction is often secondary to long term PE 5-HT receptor sites in medial pre-optic area

Stages of normal ejaculatory physiology

Emission (sympathetic T10-L2)
Bladder neck closure Deposition of seminal fluid into posterior urethra

Ejection (parasympathetic S2-S4)

Expulsion of seminal fluid from the urethra Relaxation of the external sphincter Co-ordinated pelvic floor, bulbospongiosis contraction

Orgasm
A sensory experience via pudendal nerve associated with all these events

Arousal
Pudendal nerves Spinothalamic tract Thalamus/limbic system Hypothalamus: MPOA, D1 & D2 Reticulospinal tracts Sympathetic T10-L1

Parasympathetic S2,3,4

Ejaculation

Normal ejaculation time

Faster ejaculation

PE SYNDROME Marcel Waldinger

Primary or lifelong (younger men) Secondary or acquired (older men) Natural Variable PE PE like ejaculation syndrome

Sydney Mens Health

Intra-vaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) PE level of distress depends if mild or severe IELT median time 5.4 minutes (range 1-45 min) IELT < 1 minute definite PE IELT 1-1.5 minutes probable PE

Treatment PE
Treatment aim: restore IELT, address relationship issues, restore confidence Sensate focus: tailor to clients, work on intimacy Sexual script change: extend foreplay, modify rigid sex patterns, partner first

Stop/Start Technique

Sydney Mens Health

Delayed Ejaculation
Often a normal part of ageing Younger men - angry, withholding
conditioned inhibition

Relationship issues conception Consider idiosyncratic masturbatory style (traumatic masturbatory syndrome) TREAT (enhance arousal) Pre & post masturbation/vibration Scrotal/perineal tickling Incorporate into normal practice

Retrograde Ejaculation
Common after benign prostate or bladder neck surgery Some disease conditions diabetes, neurological

37

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Menstruation

Leucorrhoea

Two types of Leucorrhoea

There are two types of Leucorrhoea, physiological and pathological.

In physiological Leucorrhoea, the discharge is normal due to excitement or other factors like nervousness. Such a discharge need not be worried about. It is found under following conditions:Seen in newborn baby for a week due to maternal estrogens. Seen in girls during puberty due to hormonal changes. At the time of ovulation and in early pregnancy.

During sexual excitement.

In pathological Leucorrhoea the causes are:General ill health and under nutrition. Dysfunctional state in genital tract. Psychological factors. Symptoms The patient feels weak and tired. She also suffers from pain in the lumbar region and the calves and a dragging sensation in the abdomen. Other symptoms are constipation, frequent headaches and intense itching. In the chronic form, the patient feels irritable and develops black patches under the eyes

CAUSES
1. Whenever the body is loaded with toxins due to wrong dietary habits and the eliminative organs such as skin, bowels, lungs, and kidneys are unable to eliminate the toxins, the body produces a profuse discharge or elimination through the mucous membrane of the uterus and vagina in the form of leucorrhoea. In the case of advanced, chronic inflammatory conditions of these organs, it leads to discharge with pus, offensive in odor and color varying from cream to yellow or light green. 2. In young girls, leucorrhoea may occur during the few years before and after the start of the menstrual flow. It may be due to an irritation of the genital organs caused by various factors such as dirt, soiled under garments, intestinal worms and excessive mental stimulation of sex or masturbation.

3. Some excess secretion is normal when the girl reaches puberty, due to over activity in her sex glands and organs. This usually disappears within a short time. In young women, leucorrhoea may occur during inter menstrual periods, due to thickening of the mucous membrane in the reproductive organs. Such a discharge is associated with painful menstruation and other menstrual disorders. 4. In mature women, a profuse yellowish discharge, associated with burning on urination, may be caused by gonorrhea. 5. Leucorrhoea may also result from a chill. A chill causes inflammation of the womb and vaginal membranes. Other common causes are the displacement of the womb and unhygienic conditions which attract bacteria to the genital organs.

MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES Common types of menstrual irregularities include: Amenorrhea (when a teenager does not get her period by age 16, or when a woman stops getting her period for at least three months and is not pregnant) Dysmenorrhea- (painful menstrual periods) Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) Oligomenorrhea (menstrual bleeding occurring more than 35 days after the last menstrual period, that is, less than 10 periods a year) Polymenorrhea (menstrual bleeding occurring less than 21 days after the last menstrual period, that is, more than 12 periods a year) Spotting (light irregular vaginal bleeding or vaginal bleeding between periods)

DIABETES

DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes (T1D): The body stops producing insulin or produces too little insulin to regulate blood glucose level. Type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. It used to be referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of the pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery. It also results from progressive failure of the pancreatic beta cells, the only cell type that produces significant amounts of insulin. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin treatment daily to sustain life.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D): Although the pancreas still secretes insulin, the body of someone with type 2 diabetes is partially or completely unable to use this insulin. This is sometimes referred to as insulin resistance. The pancreas tries to overcome this resistance by secreting more and more insulin. People with insulin resistance develop type 2 diabetes when they fail to secrete enough insulin to cope with their higher demands. At least 90% of adult individuals with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in adulthood, usually after age 45 years. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These names are no longer used because type 2 diabetes does occur in younger people, and some people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is usually controlled with diet, weight loss, exercise, and oral medications. However, more than half of all people with type 2 diabetes require insulin to control their blood sugar levels at some point in the course of their illness.

DAMAGE DUE TO DIABETES

Hyperglycemia

Diabetic retinopathy Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy) -wounds, foot and leg amputations diabetic neuropathy) is a leading cause of foot and ulcers Damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system can lead to paralysis of the stomach (gastroparesis), chronic diarrhea, and an inability to control heart rate and blood pressure during postural changes. Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis , heart attack, stroke, and decreased circulation in the arms and legs Elevated blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Many infections are associated with diabetes, and infections are frequently more dangerous in someone with diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome