Introduction Working using MCU What is Genetic Algorithm(GA) Working using GA Fuzzy Logic Comparison between Fuzzy Logic

Non FL Conclusion References Queries

 This report describes the design and construction of a prototype for solar tracking system which detects the sunlight using photo cell. Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an importance means of renewable energy resource. By the means of MCU , fuzzy logic and GA in our solar tracker the efficiency is increased by 7.98%.

 Components require for the system are as follows:

1.MCU(PIC16F84A) 2.LDRs 3.Motor Driver 4.Voltage Regulator

 Moving a solar panel along with the direction of sunlight; it uses a gear motor to control the position of the solar panel, which obtains its data from a PIC16F84A microcontroller. The objective is to design and implement an automated, double-axis solar-tracking mechanism using embedded system design in order to optimize the efficiency of overall solar energy output . Two light dependent resistors (LDR) is used for each degree of freedom. LDRs are basically photocells that are sensitive to light. Software will be developed which would allow the PIC to detect and obtain its data from the two LDRs and then compare their resistance. The two LDRs will be positioned in such a way, so that if one of the two comes under a shadow, the MCU will detect the difference in resistance and thus actuate the motor to move the solar panel at a position where the light upon both LDRs is equal. Two separate but identical circuits will be utilized or both axes.

There are three types of PIC16F84A : 1.PDIP (18-Lead Plastic Dual In-line) 2.SOIP (18-Lead Plastic Small Outline) 3.SSOP (20-Lead Plastic Shrink small Outline). The PDIP has three key features: 8 bit multi-channel analog-to-digital converter 13 input/output pins 64 bytes of data EEPROM memory

 Most common electronic component used as an optical sensor Made of cadmium sulfide Passive component Connected in series with capacitor

H-bridge that is used to control the motor The PIC16F84A controls the H-bridge which consists of four transistors 2N2222, Four Diodes 1N4148 and two 10K resistors. Although any NPN transistor can be used, it was decided to use CS9103 NPN transistor for tracker circuit. This was chosen because it is capable of handling high current as compared with 2N2222; the CS9013 can handle up to 500mA, Sufficient enough to power up the motor. On first trial run of the H-bridge it was known that the speed of motor was not controlled. Moving very fast, to solve this problem a variable resistor bank was connected and a resistance of about 6 Ohm was set. This enabled the motor to move slowly producing the same amount of torque.

H-bridge motor control

 The PIC16F84A needs a regulated supply D.C voltage of 5 Volts, the 7805voltage Regulator is used to provide the voltage required by the microcontroller. The top view of the regulator itself is shown The circuit of figure 8 shows how to convert the unregulated supply of 12v to 5V The capacitor of 0.1 microfarad is placed between the input and output to smoothen and maintain the voltage.

Voltage regulator

Schematic for the solar tracker control circuit. A voltage supply of 12V is applied to the circuit which is then passed through a 5V voltage regulator. The regulated voltage is then supplied to the PIC. Notice that the LDRs are connected to port RB2 and RB3 of the PIC. The output which drives the motor is obtained from port RB0 and RB1. Pins RA0 and RA1 are connected to 5V power source. MCLR reset input port is also connected to 5V supply via 10k resistor. In order to supply power to the PIC, PIN 5 or Vss is set to ground whereas PIN 14 or Vdd is connected to positive 5V.

 FORMULA USED RESULT CONCLUSION

FUZZY LOGIC

WHAT IS FUZZY LOGIC?

Definition of fuzzy
Fuzzy

not clear, distinct, or precise; blurred

Definition of fuzzy logic

A

form of knowledge representation suitable for

notions that cannot be defined precisely, but which depend upon their contexts.

FUZZY LOGIC REPRESENTATION

For every problem must represent in terms of fuzzy sets. What are fuzzy sets?

Slowest
[ 0.0 0.25 ]

Slow
[ 0.25 0.50 ]

Fast
[ 0.50 0.75 ]

Fastest
[ 0.75 1.00 ]

Groups Fuzzy logic Non Fuzzy Logic

N 753 690

Mean 3023.2 2910.1

Std.dev 140 120

SE MEAN 5.1 4.1

 At the end we can say that using MCU PIC16F84A efficiency increased but if we use Genetic algorithm with interface card(ET-PCI8255-V3) efficiency got increased by 7.98%.Hence we can say that GA is a useful tool for increasing the efficiency of solar tracking system

[1]. Gen, M., and Cheng, R., Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Design John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, 1997 [2]. Goldberg, D.E., Genetic Algorithms and fuzzy logic in Search Optimization and Machine Learning, AddisonWesley, Massachusetts, USA, 1989. [3]. Montgomery, DC., Design and analysis of experiments (4th ed.) John Wiley and Sons, Arizona, USA, 1997. [4]. William, B.S., Michael, G., Power from the sun www.powerfromthesun.net, Retrieved on June 1, 2006. [5]. Woolf, H. M., On the Computation of Solar Evaluation Angles and the Determination of Sunrise and Sunset Times National Aeronautics and Space Administration Report NASA TM-X - 164, USA, 1968. [6] Daniel W. Hart. (1997). Introduction to Power Electronics, Prentice Hall [7] Wilmshurst, Tim. (2007). Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers, Ch.2, pg25-30, Elsevier [8] Stevens, Fred. (1997). Getting started with PIC microcontrollers, Ch. 1, pg 4. A. L. Stevens. [9] Wilmshurst, Tim. (2007), Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers, Ch. 2, pg 32. Elsevier [10] Stevens, Fred. (1997). Getting started with PIC microcontrollers, Ch. 1, pg 5-6. A. L. Stevens. [11] Microchip Technology Incorporated (2001). PIC16F84A, 18-pin Enhanced FLASH/EEPROM 8-Bit Microcontroller, PIC16F84A Data Sheet. [12] Wilmshurst, Tim. (2007). Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers, Ch. 3, pg 62. Elsevier [13] Matic, Nebojsa. (2000). PIC Microcontrollers, Ch. 2, pg 45. mikroElektronika. [14] Condit, R. and Jones D. W (2004), Stepping motor fundamentals, Microchip Inc