Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
OBJECTIVES
After completing this subject ___ should be able to :
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. BS 8110: Part 1, 2 and 3 : 1997 Structural Use of Concrete. Mac Ginley, T.J., Reinforced Concrete Design, Theory and Examples, E & FN SPON, 1995. Allen, A.H., Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110 Simply Explained, 1988. Mosley, W.H. and Bungey, J.H, Reinforced Concrete Design, MacMillan Education Ltd., 1999. Martin, L.H., Structural Design in Concrete to BS 8110, Edward Arnold, 1989. Higgins and Rogers, Design and Details: BS 8110, Cement and Concrete Assoc., 1990. Ray, S.S., Reinforced Concrete: Analysis and Design, Blackwell Science, 1995. M. L. Zakaria et al, Rekabentuk konkrit Prategasan, DBP, 1990
RM 59.90
RM 10.00
3
Definition Purpose of design Project procedure Design Process Reinforced concrete Structural elements Code of practice Method of design
Loads Limit states design Material strength Partial safety factor Stress-strain relation Behavior of beams in bending Types of failure
DESIGN
A process of determination of
reliable structural system, selection of suitable materials and determination of optimum member sizes for the structure to be built.
PURPOSE OF DESIGN
to provide a structure which satisfy the following criteria :
Fitness for purpose Safety and reliability Durability Economy User comfort Maintainability
6
PROJECT PROCEDURE
Project Manager (Architect or.Engineer, or ..)
Architect
Consultants
Quantity Surveyor
Client/Project Manager
Architect
Determine the arrangement and layout of the structure to meet the clients requirements. Produce architecture drawings
9
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Determines the best structural systems or forms to bring the architects concept into being Analysis and design the structure Produce the structural drawings
10
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
11
CONTRACTOR
12
DESIGN PROCESS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Idealization of the structure into frames and elements. Estimation of loads. Analysis to determine the maximum moments, shears, etc. Design of sections and reinforcement for every structural elements. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.
13
Architect drawings
14
Elevation
15
Plan
16
Plan
17
Section
18
Structural drawing
19
Details
20
Construction
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
45
CONCRETE Strength in tension Strength in compression Strength in shear Durability Poor Good Fair Good Good
STEEL Good, but slender will buckle. Good Corrodes if unprotected Poor suffers rapid loss of strength at high temperatures
46
bars
Fire resistance
Good
Slab
Beam
wall
Staircase
Landing Slab
Ground floor
47
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Beams Slabs Columns
48
CODE OF PRACTICE
(DESIGN STANDARD)
Document that gives recommendations for the design and construction of structures. It contain detailed requirements regarding loads, stresses, strength, design formulas and methods of achieving the required performance of completed structure.
49
If a builder has built a house if the house he has built falls and kills the householder, the builder shall be slain
- The code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, about 3800 years ago.
50
Design practice in Malaysia generally based on British Standards. BS 8110 : 1997: Structural Use of Concrete
Part 1 : Code of practice for design and construction
52
METHODS OF DESIGN
The structure should not become unfit for use, i.e. that it should not reach a limit state during its design life
54
LIMIT STATES
LOADS
Characteristic load
The actual loads that the structure is design to carry i.e. the maximum loads which will not be exceeded during the life of the structure (* 95% probability of not being exceed)
56
The self-weight of the structure and the weight of finishes, ceilings, services and partitions.
57
The weight of people, furniture, equipment etc. on the floors. Given in BS 6399: Part 1 for various type of buildings.
58
59
Design Load
= Characteristic load x partial safety factor
= (Gk, Qk, Wk ) x gf
60
MATERIAL STRENGTH
Characteristic strength, fk
The value below which not more than 5% of the test results fall.
61
The grade recommended by BS 8110 are 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 N/mm2 for normal weight concrete.
63
fy = 250 N/mm2 for mild steel (R) fy = 460 N/mm2 for high yield steel (T)
64
Design strength
=
65
possible increases in load inaccurate assessment of the effect of loads unforeseen stress distributions in members the importance of the limit state being considered Construction inaccuracies
66
Load combination Dead and Imposed (and earth and water) Dead and Wind (and earth and water) Dead, wind and imposed (and earth and water)
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
67
Uncertainties in strength of materials in the structure Uncertainties in the accuracy of method used to predict the behavior of material Variations in member sizes and building dimensions.
68
Values of gm for the ultimate limit states 1.15 1.5 1.25 1.4 > 1.5
69
Reinforcement Concrete in flexure or axial load Shear strength Bond strength Others, e.g. bearing strength
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
The loads on structure cause distortion of its members with resulting stresses and strains in the concrete and steel. To carry out analysis and design, knowledge of the relationship between these stresses and strains is necessary. Stress-strain curves are used primarily to describe these relationships.
70
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
- for concrete
Actual curve
Design curve
71
Important notes :
The maximum stress is reach at a strain of about 0.002 Disintegration of concrete does not commence, however, until the strain reaches 0.0035
72
STRESS-STRAIN CURVES
- for reinforcement
Actual curve
Design curve
73
Important notes : Yielding commences at the design strength of fy/gm The modulus of elasticity is 200 kN/mm2 The behavior and strength of reinforcement are taken to be the same in tension and compression
74
Tension zone
75
Fcc Fst
Fcc
S=0.9x
Fcc
(d - 0.5s)
est
Fst
Fst
76
Strain distribution is assumed to be linear. This is based on hypothesis that the plane sections before bending remain plane and perpendicular to the neutral axis after bending. Strain in steel and the surrounding concrete is the same prior to cracking of the concrete or yielding of the steel. Concrete is weak in tension. So concrete in the tension zone of the section is neglected and reinforcement is assumed to take total tensile force.
77
At the ultimate limit states, where concrete fails and steel yield simultaneously, ecc = 0.0035 est = 0.87fy/Es = 0.87fy/200 x 103 For fy = 500 N/mm2,
est =
0.002175
TYPES OF FAILURE
Three failure situations can occur depending on the amount of reinforcement provided.
79
1. BALANCED
The concrete fails and the steel yields simultaneously at
ultimate load. The concrete strain is 0.0035 and the steel strain 0.002. Neutral axis depth, x = 0.617d
80
2. UNDER REINFORCED
If less steel is provided than in case 1 the steel has reach
yield and continues yielding before the concrete fails at ultimate load. Cracks appear giving warning of failure. Neutral axis depth, x < 0.617d
81
3. OVER REINFORCED
If more steel is provided than in case 1, the concrete fails
suddenly without warning before the steel reaches yield. Neutral axis depth, x > 0.617d
82
The Fisherman
A man was strolling on the beach when he saw a fisherman fishing on the cliff. He went up and asked the fisherman how was his catch. The fisherman replied there wasn't many fishes but he was contented and happy with his catch. The man went on and told the fisherman that he should go out into the ocean, that way he would get more fishes to sell. If the fisherman was really good, he could set up a company and buy up trawlers, catch even more fishes and earn even more money. Having achieved all these, the fisherman could buy all the things he wanted, that including a beach resort, do the things he wanted like relaxing down at the beach eg. fishing recreationally. The fisherman looked puzzled, "I don't understand this, you are suggesting that I should go one big loop so as to end up where I am today, happily fishing on the cliff?"
83
***PENGAJARAN DARIPADA CERITA DI ATAS***** Almost everyone here is constantly working to achieve happiness. We all work hard, trying to earn more money. What is the point of all this when we are not happy? Afterall, we are forcing ourselves to work harder just to obtain happiness. Are we all trying to be like the man above, going a full circle to end up being at the same place. Your parents have been telling you, study hard get a good job, work hard and earn your keep, only then you would be happy. We have to realise that the key to happiness is to appreciate yourself and Life. It is not about working yourself to death and getting no where. We all want the same goal, to be happy. Basic happiness is to look introspective. Success depends heavily on yourself, your innerself.
84