MN HC K THUT THC PHM 3

CC QU TRNH TRUYN KHI

Chng I. Nhng Kin Thc C Bn Ca Qu Trnh Truyn Khi A. Khi nim c bn I. nh ngha v Phn loi
1.1. nh ngha 1.2. Phn loi

II. Cch biu din thnh phn pha

2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. Phn khi lng Phn trm khi lng Phn mol T s mol Phn th tch

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

A. Khi nim c bn
III. Cn bng pha 3.1. Khi nim v cn bng pha 3.2. Quy tc pha 3.3. Cc nh lut cn bng pha 3.3.1. nh lut Hngri 3.3.2. nh lut Raun

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

B. Cc nh lut khuch tn I. Khuch tn phn t 1.1. Vn tc khuch tn 1.2. Cng thc tnh h s khuch tn (Tham kho) II. Khuch tn i lu

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

C. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc qu trnh
I.Phng trnh cn bng vt liu II. ng lc khuch tn III. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh 3.1. Phng trnh truyn khi Vn tc ca mt qu trnh no cng t l thun vi ng lc v t l nghch vi tr lc. Trong qu trnh truyn khi ng lc l hiu s nng v tr lc l s cn tr cht khuch tn chuyn ng qua lu th

y ybg dG dF .d Ry

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

C. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc qu trnh Da theo nh lut phn b v tnh ton ta c phng trnh truyn khi:
G = kyFDytb Hoc G = kxFDxtb

Trong : ky v kx l h s truyn khi trong pha y v pha x 1 1

ky 1

kx

1 x m y

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

C. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc qu trnh

III. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh

3.2. ng lc trung bnh ng lc ca qu trnh thay i t u n cui nn khi tnh ton phi dng ng lc trung bnh. Khi ng cn bng l ng cong th tnh theo ng lc trung bnh tch phn. Khi ng cn bng l ng thng th tnh theo ng lc trung bnh logarit.

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

C. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc qu trnh
III. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh

3.2. ng lc trung bnh 3.2.1. ng lc trung bnh tch phn Da vo phng trnh truyn khi v phng trnh cn bng vt liu, ng lc trung bnh tch phn c xc nh theo cng thc: y d yc Dytb yd dy y ycb yc

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

III. Phng trnh truyn khi v ng lc trung bnh

C. Cn bng vt liu v ng lc qu trnh

3.2. ng lc trung bnh 3.2.1. ng lc trung bnh logarit Da vo phng trnh truyn khi khi ng cn bng l ng thng v phng trnh cn bng vt liu, ng lc trung bnh logarit ta xc nh theo cng thc:
Dy c Dy d Dytb Dy c 2,3 lg Dy d

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

D. Phng php tnh thit b truyn khi

Tnh thit b truyn khi gm tnh kch thc thit b (ng knh, chiu cao v cc kch thc khc), tnh tr lc, cng sut ca bm, qut cn thit, I. Tnh ng knh thit b II. Tnh chiu cao thit b L phn chiu cao lm vic ca thp, kch thc phn trn v di ty thuc nhng b phn c lp .

Chng I. Nhng kin thc c bn ca qu trnh truyn khi

D. Phng php tnh thit b truyn khi II. Tnh chiu cao thit b L phn chiu cao lm vic ca thp, kch thc phn trn v di ty thuc nhng b phn c lp .
2.1. Tnh chiu cao theo phng trnh truyn khi 2.2. Tnh chiu cao theo s bc thay i nng 2.3. Tnh chiu cao theo s n v truyn khi
2.4. Tnh chiu cao theo cch v ng cong ng hc

CHNG II. HAP TH

I. II. III. IV. Cac khai niem C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu Quy trnh cong nghe Thiet b hap thu

I. Cac khai niem 1. nh ngha

Hap thu la qua trnh hut kh bang chat long, kh c hut goi la chat b hap thu, chat long dung e hut goi la dung moi, hay con goi la chat hap thu, kh khong b hap thu goi la kh tr.

I. Cac khai niem 2. Y ngha

Qua trnh hap thu ong mot vai tro quan trong trong san xuat hoa hoc, no c ng dung e: Thu hoi cac cau t quy Lam sach kh Tach hon hp thanh cau t rieng Tao thanh san pham cuoi cung

I. Cac khai niem 3. Tnh chat cua dung moi

1. Co tnh chat hoa tan chon loc ngha la ch hoa tan tot cau t can tach ra va khong hoa tan cac cau t con lai hoac ch hoa tan khong ang ke. ay la tnh chat chu yeu cua dung moi 2. o nht dung moi be. o nht cang be chat long chuyen ong cang de tr lc se nho hn va he so chuyen khoi se ln hn.

I. Cac khai niem 3. Tnh chat cua dung moi

3. Nhiet dung rieng be, t ton nhiet khi hoan nguyen dung moi 4. Nhiet o soi khac xa vi nhiet o soi cua chat hoa tan nh vay se de tach cau t ra khoi dung moi 5. Nhiet o ong ran thap tranh c hien tng ong ran lam tac thiet b

I. Cac khai niem 3. Tnh chat cua dung moi

6. Khong tao thanh ket tua, khi hoa tan tranh c tac thiet b, va thu hoi cau t n gian hn

7. t bay hi, mat mat t

8. Khong oc oi vi ngi, khong an mon thiet b.

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 1. o hoa tan kh trong long

o hoa tan cua kh trong chat long la lng kh hoa tan trong mot n v chat long. o hoa tan co the bieu th bang kg/kg, kg/m3, g/lt o hoa tan cua kh trong chat long phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua kh va chat long, phu thuoc vao nhiet o moi trng va ap suat rieng phan cua kh trong hon hp. S phu thuoc co the bieu th bang nh luat Henry Dalton nh sau: ycb = m.x

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 1. o hoa tan kh trong long

oi vi kh ly tng phng trnh co dang ng thang, phu hp vi kh thc khi nong o cua kh khong ln lam va o hoa tan nho. oi vi cac he thong khong tuan theo nh luat Henry khi o hang so can bang m la mot ai lng bien oi phu thuoc vao nong o x va ng can bang la mot ng cong oi vi kh ly tng phng trnh co dang ng thang, phu hp vi kh thc khi nong o cua kh khong ln lam va o hoa tan nho. oi vi cac he thong khong tuan theo nh luat Henry khi o hang so can bang m la mot ai lng bien oi phu thuoc vao nong o x va ng can bang la mot ng cong

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 1. o hoa tan kh trong long

Khi tnh toan hap thu, ngi ta thng dung nong o ty so mol hay nong o phan mol tng oi, ta co :

y Y 1 y

x X 1 x

mX Y 1 (1 m)X

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 2. Can bang vat chat
Goi : Gy: lng hon hp kh i vao thiet b hap thu kmol/h. Yd: nong o au cua hon hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr. Yc:nong o cuoi cua hon hp kh kmol/kmol kh tr. Ltr: lng dung moi i vao thiet b kmol/h Xd: nong o au cua dung moi kmol/kmol dung moi Xc: nong o cuoi cua dung moi kmol/kmol dungmoi

Gtr: lng kh tr vao thiet b kmol/h

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 2. Can bang vat chat
Lng kh tr c xac nh theo cong thc :

1 Gtr Gy Gy (1 y d ) 1 Yd Phng trnh can bang vat lieu

Gtr ( Yd Yc ) L tr ( Xc X d )

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 2. Can bang vat chat
Lng dung moi toi thieu e hap thu c xac nh khi nong o cuoi cua dung moi at en nong o can bang, ta co:

L tr min Lng dung moi can thiet:

Yd Yc Gtr Xc max Xd

Yd Yc L tr Gtr Xc X d

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 2. Can bang vat chat
Phng trnh can bang vat lieu tai v tr bat ky trong thiet b:

Gtr ( Y Yc ) L tr ( X Xd )

L tr Y ( X Xd ) Y c Gtr

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap thu 3. nh hng ca nhit va ap suat
Nu nhit tng th h s Henry tng ng cn bng s dch chuyn v trc tung ng lc trung bnh s gim do cng truyn khi s gim. Nu ta tng nhit n mt nhit ti hn no th qu trnh truyn khi s khng thc hin c. Nhit tng cng c nh hng tt do nht ca dung mi s gim, vn tc kh tng cng truyn khi cng tng. Nu ta tng p sut ca hn hp kh th h s cn bng m s gim do ng cn bng s chuyn gn v trc honh. ng lc trung bnh s tng. Nhng s tng p sut lun km theo tng nhit cho nn n cng nh hng xu n qu trnh mt khc tng p cng gy kh khn cho ch to thit b.

II. C s vat ly cua qua trnh hap th 3. nh hng ca nhit va ap suat

nh hng ca nhit v p sut ln qu trnh hp th (t1<t2<t 3 ; p1>p2>p3)

III. Thiet b hap thu 1. Thiet b hap thu be mat

Thit b hp thu loi b mt kiu v v kiu ng

III. Thit b hp th 1. Thit b hp th loi mng

Thit b hp th loi mng kiu v v kiu tm

III. Thit b hp th 1. Thp m

Thp m v cc loi m

III. Thit b hp th 1. Thp a (thp mm)

Thp a v hot ng ca thp a

III. Thit b hp th 1. Thp a (thp mm)

IV. S h thng hp th

S h thng hp th

CHNG III. CHNG CT

I. II. III. IV. Cac khai niem Can bang long hi he hai cau t Chng cat n gian Chng cat

I. Cac khai niem 1. nh ngha

Chng la phng phap dung e tach cac hon hp chat long cung nh cac hon hp kh long thanh cac cau t rieng biet da vao o bay hi khac nhau cua cac cau t trong hon hp (ngha

la khi cung mot nhiet o, ap suat hi cua cac cau t khac nhau)

I. Cac khai niem 1. nh ngha

Khi chng hon hp co bao nhieu cau t ta se c bay nhieu san pham. oi vi trng hp hai cau t ta co: san pham nh gom cac cau t co o bay hi ln va mot phan rat t cau t co o bay hi be con san pham ay gom cau t co o bay hi be va mot phan rat t cau t co o bay hi ln.

I. Cac khai niem 2. Cac phng phap chng cat

1. Chng n gian: Dung e tach cac hon hp gom co cac cau t co o bay hi rat khac nhau. Phng phap nay thng dung e tach s bo va lam sach cac cau t khoi tap chat. 2. Chng bang hi nc trc tiep: Dung e tach cac hon hp gom cac chat kho bay hi va tap chat khong bay hi, thng c ng dung trong trng hp chat c tach khong tan vao nc.

I. Cac khai niem 2. Cac phng phap chng cat

3. Chng chan khong: Dung trong trng hp can ha thap nhiet o soi cua cau t, nh trng hp cac cau t trong hon hp de b phan huy nhiet o cao hay trng hp cac cau t co nhiet o soi qua cao. 4. Chng cat: la phng phap pho bien nhat dung e tach hoan toan hon hp cac cau t de bay hi co tnh chat hoa tan mot phan hoac hoa tan hoan toan vao

I. Cac khai niem 2. Cac phng phap chng cat

5. Chng cat ap suat thap dung cho cac hon hp de b phan huy nhiet o cao va cac hon hp co nhiet o soi qua cao. 6. Chng cat ap suat cao dung cho cac hon hp khong hoa long ap suat thng

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

Dung dch ly tng la dung dch ma trong o lc lien ket gia cac phan t cung loai va lc lien ket gia cac phan t khac loai bang nhau, khi o cac cau t hoa tan vao nhau theo bat c t le nao. Can bang gia long va hi hoan toan tuan theo nh luat Rauolt. Dung dch thc la nhng dung dch khong hoan toan tuan theo nh luat Rauolt, sai lech vi nh luat Raoult.

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

Sai lech dng: lc ket gia cac phan khac loai nho hn lc ket gia cac phan cung loai lien t lien t
Sai leh c dng

sai lech am: lc lien ket gia cac phan t khac loai ln hn lc lien ket gia cac phan t cung loai.

Sai leh a c m

Hnh 3.1 Quan he a gi a suava nh pha cu p t tha n a dung d hai ca t ch u

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

Cac cau t khong hoa tan vao nhau hoac hoa tan khong ang ke khi lc lien ket gia cac phan t khac loai rat be so vi lc lien ket gia cac phan t cung loai. Can bang pha trong dung dch thc ch c xac nh bang thc nghiem. oi vi cac dung dch ly tng can bang phai c xac nh bang nh luat Rauolt.

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

Xet hon hp gom hai cau t A va B, theo nh luat Rauolt ta co ap suat rieng phan cua cac cau t la : pA = PbhA.xA pB = PbhB.xB = PbhB.(1 xA) Va ap suat chung cua hon hp hi tren dung dch la: P = pA + pB = PbhA.xA + PbhB.(1 xA)

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

B A t

D x

II

Hnh 3.2 Ca da g o c n th I. P-x; II. t-x; III. y-x

III

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

o th Px hnh 3.2. (I) cac ng thang OB bieu th s phu thuoc gia ap suat hi cua cau t A vao thanh phan cua no trong dung dch; ng DA bieu th s phu thuoc gia ap suat hi cua cau t B vao thanh phan cua no trong dung dch; ng AB bieu th s phu thuoc gia ap suat chung cua hon hp vao thanh cua cac cau t nhiet o khac nhau

II. Can bang long hi he 2 cau t

oi vi cac dung dch ly tng ta co the xay dng o th bang cach tnh gia tr ap suat hi bao hoa cua cac cau t nguyen chat nhiet o khac nhau. Ta co:

P PbhB xA PbhA PbhB

P bhA yA xA P

moi nhiet o ta tm cac PbhA, PbhB roi tnh theo x, y theo cac phng trnh tren. Ta c ng can bang long hi he 2 cau t A va B

III. CHNG CT N GIN

Nc vo TB ngng t

Ni chng

Bnh cha sn phm

Hi nc Ni un Nc ngng

III. CHNG CT N GIN

Dung dch c cho vo ni chng. Hi to thnh vo thit b ngng t. Sau khi ngng t v lm lnh n nhit cn thit cht lng i vo cc thng cha. Thnh phn cht lng ngng lun lun thay i. Sau khi t c yu cu chng, cht lng cn li trong ni c tho ra

III. CHNG CT N GIN

Chng n gin c ng dng cho nhng trng hp sau: Khi nhit si ca hai cu t khc nhau xa Khi khng i hi sn phm c tinh khit cao Tch hn hp lng ra khi tp cht khng bay hi Tch s b hn hp nhiu cu t

III. CHNG CT N GIN

Nhn xt:

Lng sn phm nh tng, lng sn phm y gim khi tng thi gian chng.
Nng sn phm y v nh gim dn theo thi gian chng.

IV. CHNG CT

S quy trnh cng ngh

yD=xD; G; tSD

Thit b ngng t

xD; Gx; Dng hi lu tSD

LUYN (CT) xW ; W; tSW xF; F; tSF CHNG TB lm lnh sp y

xD; D; tSD

TB gia nhit nhp liu

yW=xW; tSW Ni un D2 D1

TB lm lnh sp nh

xW ; W; tW Bnh cha sn phm nh

xF; F; tF Bnh cha nhp liu

xW; tSW Bnh cha sn phm y xD ; D; tD

III. CHNG CT 2. Nguyn tc lm vic

lng i t trn xung c nng cu t d bay hi gim dn.
- Pha

- Pha kh i t di ln c nng cu t d bay hi tng dn. - Nng cc cu t thay i theo chiu cao ca thp, nhit si cng thay i tng ng vi s thay i nng .

III. CHNG CT 2. Nguyn tc lm vic

- Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha

lng v pha hi . Do mt phn cu t d bay hi chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v mt phn t hn chuyn t pha hi vo pha lng, lp li nhiu ln bc hi v ngng t nh vy, hay ni mt cch khc, vi mt s a tng ng, cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c cu t d bay hi dng nguyn cht v y thp ta thu c cu t kh bay hi dng nguyn cht.

III. CHNG CT 2. Nguyn tc lm vic

l thuyt th mi a ca thp l mt bc thay i nng : thnh phn hi khi ri khi a bng thnh phn cn bng vi cht lng khi i vo a. Do theo l thuyt th s a bng s bc thay i nng . Thc t th trn mi a qu trnh chuyn khi gia 2 pha thng khng t c cn bng
- Theo

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng vt cht Cc gi thuyt trong tnh ton Hn hp nhp liu v dng hi lu vo thp trng thi lng si. Qu trnh ngng t v bc hi khng lm thay i thnh phn pha. S mol pha hi khi i t di ln bng nhau trong tt c tit din ca thp. S mol cht lng khng thay i theo chiu cao ca on chng v on ct. un si y thp bng hi t gin tip.

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng vt cht a. Cn bng vt cht: Tng qut: F D W

Cu t d bay hi:

F .xF D.xD W .xw

F,D,W: lng mol nhp liu, sn phm nh, y (kmol/h)

xF, xD,xW: nng phn mol ca nhp liu, sn phm nh, y (kmol/kmolhh)

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng vt cht b. Phng trnh ng lm vic:

Phng trnh ng lm vic on ct:
xD R y x R 1 R 1

Phng trnh ng lm vic on chng:

LR L 1 y x xW R 1 R 1
Gx : ch s hi lu (hon lu) R D F L : t s lu lng nhp liu v nh D

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng vt cht c. Ch s hi lu (hon lu):

R=b.Rmin R=1,3.Rmin+0,3 hoc R=(1,22,5).Rmin
y*F

Rmin: ch s hi lu ti thiu * Phng php i s:

Rx min

* xD yF * yF xF
0

* y F : nng pha hi cn bng

xF

ng vi nng nhp liu

* Phng php th:

y*F
y*F
xD Rx m in 1

xF

xD

xF

xD

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng vt cht

d. S mm l thuyt:
yD

yF
xD R 1

xF

xD

III. CHNG CT 3. Cn bng nng lng

a. Thit b gia nhit nhp liu:

Q D1 .r1 F .C F .(t SF t F ) Qm
D1: lng hi t cn s dng.

r1: nhit ho hi ca hi t.
F: lu lng nhp liu.

CF: nhit dung ring hn hp nhp liu.

Qm: nng lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 510%Q

b. Thit b ngng t:
* Ngng t hon ton:
Q G y .rD D.( R 1).rD G1 .C1 .(t r t v ) Qm

* Ngng t hi lu:
Q G x .rD D.R.rD G .C .(t t ) Qm rD: nhit ngng t ca hn hp hi nh thp.
' 1 ' 1 ' r ' v

G1, G1: lu lng nc cn lm lnh.

F

C1,C1: nhit dung ring nc lm lnh.

tv, tr: nhit vo v ra nc gii nhit

Qm: nng lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 510%Q

c. Thit b lm lnh sn phm nh:

Q D.C D .(t SD t D ) G2 .C 2 .(t r t v ) Qm

d. Thit b lm lnh sn phm nh:

Q W.C W .(t SW t W ) G3 .C 3 .(t r t v ) Qm

CD: nhit dung ring ca hn hp hi nh thp. CW : nhit dung ring ca hn hp hi y thp. G2,G3: lu lng nc cn lm lnh. C2,C3: nhit dung ring nc lm lnh. tv, tr: nhit vo v ra nc gii nhit Qm: nng lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 510%Q
F

e. Ton thp:
F.CF .tSF W .(CW .tSW rW ) D.R.CD .tSD Gy .(CD .tSD rD ) W .CW .tSW Qm
W .rW D.( R 1).( C D .t SD rD ) D.R.C D .t SD F .C F .t SF Qm

Q D2 .r2 D.( R 1).rD D.CD .t SD F .CF .t SF Qm

D.( R 1).rD D.C D .t SD F .C F .t SF D2 Qm r2

D2: lu lng hi t cn un nng.

r2 : nhit ha hi ca hi t.

Qm: nng lng mt mt ra mi trng xung quanh 510%Q