Professional Documents
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What is RFID?
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Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) A technology for communication via radio waves between a reader and a tag attached to an object for the two purpose: Identification Click to edit Tracking Master subtitle style
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History of RFID
Roots of RFID technology traced back to world war II. The Germans discovered that if pilots rolled their planes as returned to base, change the radio signal reflected back.
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Under Watson-Watt, the British developed the first active identify friend subtitle style Click to edit Master or foe(IFF) system.
Harry Stockman published a paper Communications by Means of Reflected Power in October 1948.
RFID Reader(Transceiver)
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RFID Tag(Transponder)
-Contains the information of the identified Click to edit Master subtitle style -Distributes the information between other data processing system.
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RFID Reader
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The reader sometimes called an interrogator or scanner sends and receives RF data to and from tag via antenna.
Click contain: The reader to edit Master subtitle style RF transceiver module (transmitter and receiver) signal processor and controller unit coupling element (antenna) serial data interface to a host system.
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Reader Anatomy
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
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Network Processor
Power Supply
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915MHz Radio
13.56MHz Radio 88
Types of Readers
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Assembly line
Material (Records boxes loaded and identify boxes Tracking as they are removed)
5/6/12 Handheld Wireless Reader 99
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RFID Tag
The tag acts as a programmable data-carrying device Components of tag 1) Coupling element(antenna) 2) low-power CMOS IC
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Control Logic (Finite State machine) Memory Cells
Antenn a
Rx Demodulato r
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Types of Tags
1.
Active tag, which has a battery that supplies power to all functions.
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1.
Semipassive tag, which has a battery used only to power the tag IC, and not for communication. Passive tag, which has no battery on it.
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1.
The absence of a power supply makes: - much cheaper - more smaller than active tags
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Read-only tags - Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing 1) can never be changed 2) No additional data can be assigned to the tag Write once, read many (WORM) tags - Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing Click to edit Master subtitle style 1) tag is locked once data is written 2) similar to a compact disc or DVD Read/Write - Tag data can be changed over time 1) Part or all of the data section can be locked
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Performance of system
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Performance of system
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The application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip receives power from antenna
Chip responds by varying its input impedance and thus modulate the backscattered signal
Chip impedance switches between two states: - matched to the antenna (chip collects power in this state) - strongly mismatched
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Operational Frequencies
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High frequency (HF) (13.56MHz) -they are based on magnetic flux coupling among the reader,s and tag,s coils
Microwave frequency (2.45GHz and 5.8GHz) -they are based on electromagnetic interaction among the reader,s and tag,s antenna
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Magnetic induction (near-field RFID) Electromagnetic (EM) wave capture (far-field RFID)
These two designs take advantage of the EM properties associatedsubtitle style RF antenna, the Click to edit Master with an Near-field and the Far-field.
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Near-field RFID
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modulation.
The range for magnetic induction approximates to: C/2f where C is speed of light and f is the frequency.
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2020
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Far-field RFID
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scattering.
Technique used Master subtitle style Click to edit in far-field RFID is Back
Tags that use far-field principles operate at greater than 100MHz typically in UHF and Microwave bands.
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1) Be small enough and have very high efficiency Click to edit Master subtitle style 2) Be very cheap 3) Normally, have matching polarization with reader antenna 4) Must provide good impedance matching
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The most important tag performance characteristic is read rang Read range : maximum distance which reader can detect the backscattered signal ,s tag Friis free-space formula
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Impedance Matching
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Click to edit Master subtitle style Adding an external matching network with lumped elements is prohibitive in tags due to cost and fabrication issues. Antenna must be directly matched to the ASIC
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Qualitative behavior of antenna impedance, chip impedance, and read range as function of frequency
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1)T match
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2Zt(1+ )2ZA 2Zt + (1+)2ZA
Zi n =
Equivalent circuit Click to edit is connected antenna source Master subtitle styleto
a second dipole of
length al the parameters a,b and w can be adjusted to match the Zchip
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Equivalent Click coupled small style Inductively to edit Master subtitle loop circuit
proximity to the radiating body 2f0Lloop The strength of the coupling and added reactance, controlled by d and shape of the loop
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3) Meandering
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Useful for tag fabricated with dipoles Useful for size reduction
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Meandering with
Meanderi ng
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No line of sight required for reading Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write) UPC(Barcodes) require optical reader to read whereasClick to edit Master subtitle style radio waves RFID reader reads via Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime Active tags can be read from great distances
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http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview
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Is the Question?
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Thank you for your attention
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Hamed Razaghian
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