By: REKHA NAIR (110916007)

5/5/2012

Manipal Institute Of Technology

A combination of different but complementary energy generation systems based on renewable energies or mixed. the Hybrid systems capture best features of each energy resource and can provide gridquality electricity, with a power range between 1 kilowatt (kW) to several hundred kilowatts. They can be developed as new integrated designs within small electricity distribution systems (mini-grids) and can also be retrofitted in diesel based power systems. Furthermore, due to their high levels of efficiency, reliability and long term performance, these systems can also be used as an effective backup solution to the public grid.

5/5/2012

Manipal Institute Of Technology

A typical hybrid system combines two or more energy sources, from renewable energy technologies, such as photovoltaic panels, wind or small hydro turbines; and from conventional technologies, usually diesel or LPG gensets . In addition, it includes power electronics and electricity storage batteries.

5/5/2012

Manipal Institute Of Technology

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

Design Aspects :-

The set-up consists of a : photo-voltaic solar-cell array a mast mounted wind generator lead-acid storage batteries an inverter unit electrical lighting loads and electrical heating loads several fuse and test instruments

storage batteries to cover the periods of time.

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

 uses battery storage for energy generated by the wind and PV subsystems. The PV system would be controlled by a partial-shunt regulator. When the battery is fully charged, and there is insufficient demand from the load, this regulator shortcircuits some of the modules and reduces the output voltage to prevent overcharging of the battery.
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The wind system should have a brushless permanent-magnet alternator with permanently lubricated bearings, to minimize maintenance requirements. The AC power generated by the wind generator is rectified to DC and supplied to the load. In addition to the major controls, circuit breakers and current limits would be needed. Ground-fault detectors and lightning protection would also be required.
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Like the small PV/wind system, the large PV/wind system requires batteries to maintain a continuous supply of power

the wind system AC power is rectified, fed to the DC bus and then inverted.

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

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Modeling Of PV
Equivalent circuit that consists of current source in parallel to diode. Rs = contact resistance of the cables as well as the semiconductor itself Rp=leakage currents at the photovoltaic cell edges. Diode =determines the current voltage characteristic of the cell.

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

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Wind Model

kinetic energy W Medium Power P Mean theoretical power

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Modeling of Hydro system

Bernoullis equation Usable head of a particular section of the river.

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1kw capacity of PV/wind/hydro

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Design Aspects:In this system there is a small reservoir to store the water. This type of hybrid system sometimes depends upon the geographical condition where the water at some height is available. System capacity is depends upon at the water quantity and solar radiation.

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The power supplied by falling water is the rate at which it delivers energy, and this depends on the flow rate and water head. Hydropower available is may be of run off river type hence produces variable amplitude and frequency voltage. It can be use to charge the battery after converting it into DC.

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The smaller systems use batteries to maintain the required system availability. The large systems might use the energy stored in the water or the energy stored in batteries, depending on the rainfall pattern and water storage capability, to maintain high availability. DESIGN ASPECTS :

the small PV/hydro system uses battery storage for the PV subsystem and a reservoir for the hydro system. The PV system would be controlled by a partial-shunt regulator. The hydro turbine would probably have a permanent-magnet alternator no brushes and permanently lubricated bearings, to minimize maintenance requirements. Speed control would be maintained by an inlet valve or an electronic dissipative controller.

In addition to the major controls, circuit breakers and current limits would be used. High and low-voltage and over-current cutoffs would be required to protect the battery. Ground-fault detectors and lightning protection would also be required.

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Large PV-hydro Model :Like the small PV/wind system, the large PV/wind system requires batteries to maintain a continuous supply of power This system is large enough that a sophisticated, high efficiency, central inverter can be used, complete with peak-power tracking. (to differentiate between array power and battery power.) To provide the desired priorities, the control system may require that the wind output, PV output, load and battery state-ofcharge be known. A microprocessor controller could then perform the controlling function. However, a simpler system may be possible: the battery voltage monitoring system can be designed so that no energy is passed from the DC side of the system to the AC side unless the AC voltage has dropped below, for example, 220 volts. The wind system would be designed to supply 230 volts, and would charge the battery only if the differential exceeded 10 volts.

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Manipal Institute Of Technology

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Hybrid systems with a backup genset run with minimal fuel consumption because the genset is brought on line only to assist in periods of high loads or low renewable power availability. This results in a large reduction in fuel consumption as compared to a genset only powered system. Hybrid systems based on RES are independent from oil price fluctuations and increases. Even if these systems may include LPG/diesel genset as a backup, still renewable energy will supply, at least, between 60 and 90% of the energy, with gensets providing as little as 10% of the energy.

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The small PV/engine system would be the same as the small PV/wind system, except that the wind generator would be replaced by the engine. since lightly loaded engines require more maintenance than heavily loaded engines, the engine controls for the small system should be designed to charge the batteries. The reliability of this system will depend strongly on the reliability of starting the engine. Therefore, an operator would be required in case the automatic startup did not occur. A low-voltage signal would alert the operator.

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DESIGN ASPECTS:

The suggested design for the small PV/fuel cell system uses PV and batteries as the primary power source. The backup fuel cell is used for extended periods of bad weather. The PV system output could be controlled by a partial-shunt regulator. The system would require controls, circuit breakers, current limiters, highand low-voltage cutoffs to protect the battery, ground-fault detectors and lightning protection.

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Photovoltaic module

For a photovoltaic system , the output voltage of the module is fixed at the systems operating voltage, which is usually equal to the battery voltage. It is assumed that module temperature is linearly depending on ambient temperature and power . Hence,

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Power corrected by temperature coefficient is given in equation

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Battery The battery model describing the relationship Battery terminal voltage, VB can be expressed as:

Finally, an equation for battery terminal voltage can be constructed that brings together all the necessary parameters as: Where r1 r2 r3 and r4 are empirical constants and can be determined by conducting charging and discharging operation of the battery
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Fuel cell

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shows the variation of the ambient and the photovoltaic module temperature of a summer day in the year 2002. Percentage of photovoltaic power available in the whole year can be determined from and that can be used to choose load level for the system.

shows that the state of charge of the battery is above its critical level for 58% time of the year at 20W load. Hence, the photovoltaic/battery part of the system will supply load this period and the fuel cell will power the load for the rest of the time.

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shows the operational status of the different system components at varying load conditions. Higher load means shorter period of battery and longer period of fuel cell in operation and vise versa. Operation of photovoltaic is independent of load variation; rather operational status depends only on the availability of irradiance. Total 27% time of the year photovoltaic module will be in operation.

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In hybrid system diesel energy is only work as a back up source. When the demand on its peak, so that the available sources are insufficient for that then the diesel back is required. Hybrid Controller: This is a controller, which maintain the energy balance during the load variation. It assigns the priority among the energy sources It also maintains the synchronizing the voltage signal coming from the different sources.

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comprised of 440 Wp photovoltaic modules, 1 kW wind turbine and 5 kW diesel engine as a back- up. HPP is a centralized PV and wind power generation plant, using battery to store the produced dc current electricity. To cater for emergencies, a conventional diesel generator is also provided. The main component is the controller, an electronic device which automatically control when the back- up diesel engine shall start assisting with producing electricity.

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Hybrid systems based on RES : will improve quality of electricity service. displace harmful emissions (like paraffin poison), increase luminosity and quality of light . provide for income-enhancing opportunities.

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