Do Not Delete This Graphic Elements in Here:: 7750 Service Router Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course

61
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MPLS
7750 Service Router Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Limitations of Traditional IP Routing: Hyper-aggregation

MPLS Overview 612
IP has a limited ability to alleviate hyper aggregation which leads to
network and link congestion
All network traffic will flow via the primary path No traffic will use the Alternate Link Inefficient use of resources
Congestion -> packet loss !

Primary Link
Alternate Link
IGP
Benefits of MPLS
MPLS Overview 613
Congestion
IGP PATH
Exclude this link Use CSPF to avoid low bandwidth links
Fast Reroute paths available
MPLS PATH
Explicitly define the path or use any IGP
MPLS: Terminology
MPLS Overview 614
Multi Protocol Label Switching, MPLS: Allows the network operator to create end-to-end LSPs for data forwarding instead of using hop-by-hop IP routing. Alleviates the limitations of traditional IP routing
LER: Label Edge Router LSR: Label Switch Router
LSP 1 LSP 2
LSR
LSR
LER
LSR LSR LER
MPLS: Basic operation

MPLS Overview
615
Push Swap Swap
Pop
LER
LSR
LSR
LER
Label Switched Path
data
IP Forwarding
label
data
label
data
label
data
data
IP Forwarding
LABEL SWITCHING
MPLS Label
MPLS Overview 616
Frame header
DA SA Type = 88 47
Single Label
MPLS Header IP Header IP Packet FCS
Label Stack
Data Link Header MPLS Header 1 MPLS Header 2 IP Header IP Data FCS
4 Octets
Label Stack Entry Format
Label
Label: Exp.: S: TTL:
Exp.
TTL
Label Value, 20 bits Experimental, 3 bits (Class of Service) Bottom of Stack, 1 bit (1 = last entry in label stack) Time to Live, 8 bits
MPLS Label-range
MPLS Overview 617
A:SR2# show router mpls label-range ============================================================================== Label Ranges
==============================================================================
Label Type Static-lsp Static-svc Start Label 32 2048 End Label 1023 18431 Aging Total Available 992 16384 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynamic
32768
131071
98291
==============================================================================
MPLS Encapsulation: The Shim Header (Frame Mode)

MPLS Overview 618 DA SA Type = 0800 IP Payload FCS DA SA Type = 0800 IP Payload
FCS
LER DA
LER SA
Type = 88 47
MPLS Header
DA
SA
Type = 0800
IP Payload
FCS
LER DA
LER SA
Type = 88 47
MPLS Header
DA
SA
Type = 0800
IP Payload
FCS
LER DA
LER SA
Type = 88 47
MPLS Header
DA
SA
Type = 0800
IP Payload
FCS
Forwarding Equivalence Classes

MPLS Overview 619
Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
A group
of IP packets forwarded in the same manner, over the same path, with the same forwarding treatment
Label Switched Path
MPLS packets are assigned to a FEC at the network ingress

FEC packets are transported by the LSP which has a label to identify it Label switching is used to route the labelled packet
Label Signaling (Distribution) Protocols Overview

MPLS Overview 6 1 10
Interior Gateway Protocols Dynamic
Static
RIP
Distance Vector
IS-IS OSPF
Link State
Label Signaling Protocols Static Dynamic
LDP
IGP Based
RSVP-TE
IGP or CSPF based
Static Label distribution

Static LSPs are manually configured on each LER/LSR Labels are assigned on each router individually Allows the creator to have full control on the path Disadvantages:
Labour intensive operation
Changes need a reconfiguration on every node No back-up or fast re-route No support of label stacking
Static Label distribution

PE1# configure router mpls static-lsp "PE-1 to PE-3" to 3.3.3.3 push 999 nexthop 10.12.1.2 10.12.1.2 1.1.1.1/32 iLER
PE2>config>router# mpls interface "tope1" label-map 999 swap 998 nexthop 10.23.1.3 2.2.2.2/32 LSR2
10.23.1.3
Static LSP Static LSP
eLER 3.3.3.3/32 LSR3
4.4.4.4/32
PE3>config>router# mpls interface "tope2" label-map 998 pop
Dynamic Label Distribution: Label Distribution Protocol: LDP

LSPs are established dynamically using a label distribution protocol: LDP

LSR 1 LFIB Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 Ingress Label 131067 Egress Label 131071 Egress Interface 1/1/4 nexthop LER 2 LER 2 LFIB Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 Ingress Label 131071 Egress Label -
Dynamic Label Exchange

Egress Interface 1/1/1 next-hop external
SWAP
LSR 1
1/1/3 MPLS Network 1/1/4
POP
LER 2
1/1/5 1/1/1 1/1/4 1/1/2
LSR 2 LER 1
1/1/2 1/1/1 1/1/1 1/1/3
LSR 2 LFIB Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 LER 1 LFIB Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24 Ingress Label Egress Label 131069 131067 Egress Interface 1/1/3 1/1/2 nexthop LSR 2 LSR 1 Ingress Label
10.2.1.0/24
Egress Label 131071
Egress Interface 1/1/2
nexthop LER 2
131069
SWAP PUSH
Label distribution: Traffic/Control flow

DATA
Data flow
LABEL
Data Plane
DATA
DATA
Data flow
Data traffic flows Downstream LER1 LSR1 LER2
Control Plane Label allocation flows Upstream
LABEL (System Address) Data packets flow in the downstream direction Control driven model
Label bindings are formed before the arrival of user generated data packets Alcatel-Lucent products use the control driven model
Label bindings are distributed from the downstream to the upstream direction
LIB and LFIB

Table Name
RIB FIB LIB LFIB
Meaning
Routing Information Base Forwarding Information Base Label Information Base Label Forwarding Information Base
Contents
Routing updates received Active routes Locally generated and received MPLS labels Labels used by the LSR
Populated By
Routing Protocol Exchange - Each routing protocol has a separate RIB RTM selects the active routes from all protocol "Best" routes MPLS Label Exchange The labels assigned to the active routes (for each next-hop)
RIB OSPF FIB RIB IS-IS LFIB LIB LDP
LIB: Show Router LDP Bindings

PE1# show router ldp bindings =============================================================================== LDP LSR ID: 1.1.1.1 =============================================================================== Legend: U - Label In Use, N - Label Not In Use E - Epipe Service, V - VPLS Service, M - Mirror Service A - Apipe Service, F - Fpipe Service =============================================================================== LDP Prefix Bindings =============================================================================== Prefix Peer IngLbl EgrLbl EgrIntf EgrNextHop ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2 131071U ---1.1.1.1/32 3.3.3.3 131071U ---1.1.1.1/32 4.4.4.4 131071U ---2.2.2.2/32 2.2.2.2 -131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2 2.2.2.2/32 3.3.3.3 131069U 131069 --2.2.2.2/32 4.4.4.4 131069U 131064 --3.3.3.3/32 2.2.2.2 131070U 131069 --3.3.3.3/32 3.3.3.3 -131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3 3.3.3.3/32 4.4.4.4 131070U 131065 --4.4.4.4/32 2.2.2.2 131067U 131067 --4.4.4.4/32 3.3.3.3 131067U 131067 --4.4.4.4/32 4.4.4.4 -131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4
LFIB: Show Router LDP Bindings Active

PE1# show router ldp bindings active =============================================================================== Legend: (S) - Static =============================================================================== LDP Prefix Bindings (Active) =============================================================================== Prefix Op IngLbl EgrLbl EgrIntf EgrNextHop ------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1.1.1/32 Pop 131071 ---2.2.2.2/32 Push -131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2 2.2.2.2/32 Swap 131069 131071 1/1/2 10.12.1.2 3.3.3.3/32 Push -131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3 3.3.3.3/32 Swap 131070 131071 1/1/4 10.13.1.3 4.4.4.4/32 Push -131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4 4.4.4.4/32 Swap 131067 131067 1/1/3 10.14.1.4 -output omitted=============================================================================== PE1#
LDP: Verifying Alcatel-Lucent Default Settings

LDP defaults are Downstream Unsolicited label distribution mode, Liberal
Label Retention mode and Ordered Control mode
PE1# show router ldp parameters ===================================================================== LDP Parameters (LSR ID 1.1.1.1) ===================================================================== ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Interface Parameters
--------------------------------------------------------------------Keepalive Timeout Hold Time Propagate Policy Deaggregate FECs Control Mode : 30 sec : 15 sec : system : False : ordered Keepalive Factor : 3 HELLO Factor : 3 Transport Address: system Route Preference : 9 Label Retention Loop Detection : liberal : none
Label Distribution : downstreamUnsolicited
--------------------------------------------------------------------PE1#
LDP: Downstream Unsolicited Distribution Mode

MPLS Overview 6 1 19 iLER LIB
Downstream: Advertising labels from downstream to the upstream direction.

Unsolicited: Label mappings are provided to all peers for which the local LSR might be a nexthop for a given FEC, even when not explicitly requested.
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
Next-hop
LSR 2 LSR 3
Label
131065 131066
1.1.1.1/32
iLER
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24 Label: 131065
2.2.2.2/32 LSR2
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24 Label: 131066
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24 Label: 131067
10.2.1.0/24
LSR3 4.4.4.4/32
FEC: 10.2.1.0/24
Label: 131067
eLER 3.3.3.3/32
LDP: Liberal Retention & Ordered Control Mode

Liberal Retention:
The label received from the router providing the active IGP route for the FEC is used and the other labels are kept
iLER LIB
Ordered Control: An LSR only propagates a label for a FEC once it has a label mapping from the FEC next-hop.
Label 131065
2.2.2.2/32 LSR2
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
Next-hop
LSR 2 LSR 3
Label
131065 131066
1.1.1.1/32 iLER Step 2
Label
Step 2
Label 131067
Step 1
iLER FIB
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24
Next-hop
LSR 3
131066
iLER LFIB
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24
Next-hop
LSR 3
Label
131066 Step 1 LSR3 4.4.4.4/32
Label 131067
10.2.1.0/24
eLER 3.3.3.3/32
LDP: Signaling
Each LSR will originate a label for its system address by default Each LSR may originate a label for a FEC for which it has a next-hop
that is external to the MPLS domain: an export policy is needed !
LSR 1 1/1/2 1/1/3 10.1.1.0/24 1/1/1
LSR 2 1/1/2 1/1/1
LSR 3 1/1/2 1/1/3
LSR 4
1/1/1 10.2.1.0/24
1.1.1.1/32
2.2.2.2/32
3.3.3.3/32
4.4.4.4/32
LSR 1 LFIB
Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 4.4.4.4/32
Ing. Label -
Egr. Label 131068 131071
Egr. Intf 1/1/2 1/1/2
Next-hop LSR2 LSR2
LSR 4 LFIB
Prefix 10.1.1.0/24 1.1.1.1/32
Ing. Label -
Egr. Label 131065 131070
Egr. Intf 1/1/3 1/1/3
Next-hop LSR3 LSR3
Control Plane
LDP: Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)

Multiple next hops for a given FEC Maximum number of ECMP LDP paths
for a given FEC is 16 Configuration =>configure>router>ecmp <x>
1.1.1.1/32
LSR 1 LIB
2.2.2.2/32 LSR2
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
Next-hop
LSR 2 LSR 3
Next-hop
Label
131065 131066 1/1/3
Interface
iLER
1/1/2
LER 1 FIB
Prefix
10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
LSR 2 LSR 3 Ing. Label Egr. Label 131065 131066
1/1/2 1/1/3 Egr. Intf 1/1/2 1/1/3 Next-hop LSR2 LSR3 LSR3 4.4.4.4/32 eLER 3.3.3.3/32 10.2.1.0/24
LER 1 LFIB
Prefix 10.2.1.0/24 10.2.1.0/24
LDP: Minimum Configuration

PE1
P1
P2 PE2
Provider Network
PE-3 P3
P1# configure router
P1>config>router# ldp
P1>config>router>ldp# interface-parameters P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-PE1" P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-P2" P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit P1>config>router>ldp>if-params$ interface "P1-P3" P1>config>router>ldp>if-params>if$ exit all
LDP: Convergence
LSP before the failure LSP after the failure
1/1/2 1000
LSR2
LSR4 LER2 LSR1
10.2.1.0/24
LER1
1/1/3
LER 1 LFIB
Prefix
Ingress Label -
Egress Label 131068
nexthop LSR 2
MPLS Convergence =
Failure Detection Time + IGP Convergence + LDP Convergence
10.2.1.0/24
LER 1 LFIB
Prefix 10.2.1.0/24
Ingress Label -
Egress Label 131065
nexthop LSR 1
Dynamic Label Distribution: RSVP-TE

RSVP-TE is used for establishing LSPs in MPLS networks RSVP-TE operates in downstream-on-demand (DOD) label advertisement mode with ordered LSP control. A request to bind labels to a specific LSP tunnel is initiated by an ingress node through the RSVP Path message Labels are requested downstream and distributed (propagated) upstream by means of the RSVP Resv message Advantage of using RSVP to establish LSP tunnels is that it enables the allocation of resources along the path. For example, bandwidth can be allocated to an LSP tunnel using standard RSVP reservations and Integrated Services service classes
RSVP-TE: Message Types

PATH message sent
Downstream on Demand (DoD)

1.1.1.1/32 iLER Path: 3.3.3.3
towards tunnel destination
2.2.2.2/32
LSR1
Receiver sends RESV
message back towards sender

Resv: label 131068
eLER sends label
Resv: label 1310710
Path: 3.3.3.3
binding info in RESV message

Refresh messages are sent periodically
Path Refresh and RESV
LSR2 4.4.4.4/32
eLER 3.3.3.3/32
RSVP-TE: Label allocation

ilER makes use of
iLabel --eLabel Action 131068 Push iLabel eLabel Action 131068 131071 Swap
1/1/2
the shortest IGP path from tunnel head to tunnel destination (no ERO). After the Resv message is propagated upstream to the sender node, a label-switched path is effectively established.
2.2.2.2/32 LSR2
1.1.1.1/32 iLER
1/1/1
1/1/3
1/1/2
eLER 3.3.3.3/32
LSr3 4.4.4.4/32
iLabel eLabel Action 131071 --Pop
RSVP-TE: Strict versus Loose hops

Example of strict and loose path Blue path => ERO (Explicit Route Object) defines strict hops
ERO explicitly defines the path PE2 => PE3 => PE4
Red Path => ERO defines only loose hops ERO defines only 4.4.4.4 as loose
1.1.1.1/32 2.2.2.2/32 PE2 10.12.1.2 PE1
Blue Path Red Path
10.23.1.3
10.34.1.4
PE4 4.4.4.4/32
PE3 3.3.3.3/32
RSVP-TE: Optional object Explicit Route Object: ERO

RSVP Path
ERO provides specific
path information for the RSVP Path message to follow If ERO is not present then IGP is used to follow the path ERO can be manually provided or computed 10.14.1.29/29 based on RSVP requirements such as bandwidth, hop limit, link coloring
1.1.1.1/32 PE1 .1
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label_Request ERO: 10.12.1.2 10.23.1.3 10.34.1.4 4.4.4.4 Session_Attributes RRO: 1.1.1.1
2.2.2.2/32 PE2 .2
10.12.1.0/29
RSVP Path
.2 10.23.1.0/29 .3
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label_Request ERO: 10.12.1.2 10.23.1.3 10.34.1.4 4.4.4.4 Session_Attributes RRO: 1.1.1.1 10.12.1.2
.1 .4
1/1/2
10.34.1.0/29
.4
RSVP Path
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label_Request ERO: 10.12.1.2 10.23.1.3 10.34.1.4 4.4.4.4 Session_Attribut es RRO: 1.1.1.1 10.12.1.2 10.34.1.3
.3
PE4 4.4.4.4/32
PE3 3.3.3.3/32
RSVP-TE: Optional object Record Route Object: RRO

Record Route Object
RSVP Resv
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label: 65 Session_Attributes RRO: 10.12.1.1 10.12.1.2 10.34.1.3 2.2.2.2/32 PE2 .2 10.12.1.0/29
(RRO) of RSVP-TE is used for route recording purpose RRO records the actual route a packet traversed Recording the path allows the iLER to know, on a hop-byhop basis, which LSRs the path traverses.
1.1.1.1/32 PE1 .1
RSVP Resv
.1 10.14.1.29/29 .4 .2 10.23.1.0/29 .3
10.34.1.0/29 .4 PE4 4.4.4.4/32
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label_Request Session_Attributes RRO: 10.12.1.2 10.23.1.2 10.34.1.3
RSVP Resv
.3 PE3 3.3.3.3/32
LSP Tunnel (IPv4) Label_Request Session_Attribut es RRO: 10.12.1.1 10.23.1.2 10.34.1.3
RSVP-TE: The Alcatel-Lucent CSPF Implementation

The CSPF functionality provided by OSPF and IS-IS provides the capability to
traffic engineer LSPs based on the following constraints:

Link constraints (include/exclude), a.k.a Link Coloring Bandwidth requirements Hop count limitations
Enable Traffic-engineering on OSPF/IS-IS:
config>router>ospf# traffic-engineering config>router>isis# traffic-engineering
RSVP-TE: Signaled LSPs with CSPF

TE Capable IGP OSPF-TE IS-IS-TE
Routing Table
Traffic Engineering Database (TED)
Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)
User Requirements
Explicit Route Object (ERO)
Signaling
RSVP-TE: LSP Configuration

MPLS Overview 10.10.43.3 10.10.10.101 10.10.42.3 10.10.10.102 10.10.44.3 6 1 33
10.10.10.99
10.10.10.100
10.10.10.103
interface to-100
RSVP PATH Primary_Path
Example: config>router# mpls config>router>mpls# path Primary_Path config>router>mpls>path$ hop 1 10.10.42.3 strict config>router>mpls>path$ hop 2 10.10.43.3 strict config>router>mpls>path# hop 3 10.10.44.3 strict config>router>mpls>path# hop 4 10.10.10.103 loose config>router>mpls>path# no shutdown config>router>mpls>path# exit
config>router# mpls config>router>mpls#lsp LSP_99_103 config>router>mpls>lsp# to 10.10.10.103 config>router>mpls>lsp# cspf config>router>mpls>lsp# primary Primary_Path" config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# hop-limit 4 config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# bandwidth 256,000 config>router>mpls>lsp>primary# no shutdown
RSVP-TE: Show Router RSVP Session

Configure the interfaces in MPLS automatically RSVP enabled !

Example: config>router# mpls config>router>mpls# interface to-100 config>router>mpls>if# exit
Command shows RSVP session information.

A:# show router rsvp session =================================================== RSVP Sessions =================================================== From To Tunnel LSP Name State ID ID ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10.10.10.99 10.10.10.103 1 1 LSP_99_103::Primary_Path Up 10.10.10.99 10.10.10.103 1 2 LSP_99_103::Secondary_Path Up ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sessions : 2 ===================================================
RSVP-TE: Show Router MPLS Path LSP-binding

Display MPLS paths with binding information.
A:# show router mpls path lsp-binding =================================================== MPLS Path: =================================================== Path Name Opr LSP Name Binding --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Primary_Path Up LSP_99_103 Primary Secondary_Path Down LSP_99_103 Secondary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paths : 2 =================================================== A:#
RSVP-TE: Show Router MPLS LSP Path Detail

MPLS Overview
A:P99# show router mpls lsp LSP_99_103 path detail =============================================================================== MPLS LSP LSP_99_103 Path (Detail) =============================================================================== Legend : @ - Detour Available # - Detour In Use b - Bandwidth Protected n - Node Protected =============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSP LSP_99_103 Path Primary_Path ------------------------------------------------------------------------------LSP Name : LSP_99_103 Path LSP ID : 1 From : 10.10.10.99 To : 10.10.10.103 Adm State : Up Oper State : Up Path Name : Primary_Path Path Type : Primary Path Admin : Up Path Oper : Up OutInterface: 1/1/3 Out Label : 131063 Path Up Time: 0d 00:12:51 Path Dn Time : 0d 00:00:00 Retry Limit : 0 Retry Timer : 30 sec RetryAttempt: 0 Next Retry In : 0 sec Bandwidth : 256 Mbps Oper Bandwidth : 256 Mbps Hop Limit : 4 Record Route: Record Record Label : Record Oper MTU : 9198 Negotiated MTU : 9198 Adaptive : Enabled MBB State : N/A Include Grps: Exclude Grps : None None Path Trans : 1 CSPF Queries : 1 Failure Code: noError Failure Node : n/a ExplicitHops: 10.10.42.3 -> 10.10.43.3 -> 10.10.44.3 Actual Hops : 10.10.42.2(10.10.10.99) -> 10.10.42.3(10.10.10.100) Record Label : 131063 -> 10.10.43.3(10.10.10.101 Record Label : 131068 -> 10.10.44.3(10.10.10.102) Record Label : 131063 -> 10.10.45.3 (10.10.10.103) Record Label : 131064 ComputedHops: 10.10.42.2 -> 10.10.42.3 -> 10.10.43.3 -> 10.10.44.3
6 1 36
->10.10.45.3
-> 10.10.45.3
RSVP-TE: Reservation Styles

Alcatel-Lucent supports two reservation styles for LSP BW reservation

Fixed Filter
LSP Secondary Path (10Mb/s) LSP Primary Path
Total amount of BW reserved on shared link equals sum of individual reservations

Shared Explicit
(80 Mb/s)
Total amount of BW reserved on shared link equals BW of largest reservation request
Shared Link (FF) 90Mb/s
Shared Link (SE) 80Mb/s
RSVP-TE: LSP Protection

Path Protection
Primary LSP with Secondary LSP Primary LSP with Secondary Standby LSP
Fast Reroute
One-to-One Backup
Facilities Backup
RSVP-TE: Backup LSP LSPs with Secondary Path

Failure in primary path triggers secondary LSP
Secondary Path: Non-standby or Hot-standby
R2 R1 R6 R7
Primary LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4
R3
R9
R4
R8
Secondary LSP: R1->R6->R7->R8->R9->R4
Primary LSP: One primary path Secondary LSP
Alternative path that is used if the primary path is not available. Non-Standby needs to be signaled first (after primary path failure Hot-Standby will be signaled upon creation Continuously tries to revert back to the primary path.
detection
Up All
to 8 secondary paths can be specified. the secondary paths are considered equal and the first available path is used. The software will not switch back among secondary paths.
RSVP-TE: LSP Protection with a Secondary Path

Pros
Deterministic data flow during any point in primary path Multiple failures along the primary path can be handled by the same
secondary path When statically configured, no nodes or links should be shared by the Primary and Secondary paths (otherwise if that link or node goes down, both are lost) Entire path is protected
Cons
Notification of a link or node failure might take a while to reach head of
tunnel Full path resources are reserved over both Primary and Secondary paths, therefore double booking Selective protection of link or node is not possible, only end-to-end
RSVP-TE: Fast Reroute (FRR) Overview

MPLS Fast Reroute (FRR) defines ways of pre-configuring and
signaling backup paths before a failure Allows traffic to flow almost continuously (in the 10s of ms timeframe) Uses LSPs established using RSVP-TE Allows protection to be applied as close to point of failure as possible
FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Multiple LSPs

R10
PLR
R3 R2
MP PLR
R1
PLR
R5 (2) R6
MP
R4
MP
(1) R9 R7 R8
(1)
Protected LSP 1: R1->R2->R3->R4 R2s backup for Protected LSP 1 R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
(2)
Protected LSP 2: R10->R2->R3->R4 R2s backup for Protected LSP 2 R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Path Setup

PLR
R3 R2
PLR MP
R1 R5
PLR
(3) R4
(1) R6 R7
(2) R9 R8
Detour Tunnel
R1s backup: R1->R6->R7->R8->R9->R4 Protected LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4
(1)
(3)
R3s backup: R3->R9->R4
(2)
R2s backup: R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
FRR: One-to-one Backup Method Link Protection

Failure occurred along the protected LSP, the PLR redirects traffic into the local detour.
PLR
R3
R1
R2
X
R5
MP
R4
R6 R7 R8
R9
If the link [R2->R3] fails: R2 switches traffic received from R1 LSP along link [R2->R7] using the label received when R2 created the detour. The detour is calculated based on the shortest IGP path using CSPF from the PLR (R2) to the router that is the termination of the protected LSP (R4), while avoiding the failed link (R2-R3). At no point does the depth of the label stack increase as a result of taking the detour. While R2 is using its detour, traffic will take the path [R1->R2->R7->R8->R9->R4]
FRR: One-to-One Backup Method Label Exchange

Inner label Inner label Inner label
21
32 R3
54
PLR
R1
21
R2 32
54
MP
R4 172 187 159 198 R9

Protected LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4 R2s backup: R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
R7
R8
Control Plane (label propagation)
FRR: One-to-One Backup Method Link/Node Failure

Inner label
21 21 R2 PLR R3 54
MP
R1
X
172
Inner label
R4 159 187 198 R9 R8

Inner label Inner label
172 R7
159
187
Inner label
198
Protected LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4
R2s backup: R2->R7->R8->R9->R4
FRR: Facility Backup Method Link Protection

R10 R3 R2 R1
PLR MP
R4
R6
R9 R7 R8
Protected LSP 1: R1->R2->R3->R4
Bypass tunnel R2->R7->R8->R3
Protected LSP 2: R10->R2->R3->R4
FRR: Facility Backup Link Protection Label Exchange

Works the same as One-to-One Backup under normal operating conditions

Inner label Inner label Inner label
21 32
32 R3
54
PLR
MP
21 R1
R2
54 R4
172 138
Protected LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4 R2s backup: R2->R7->R8->R3
R7
187
R8
FRR: Facility Backup Link Failure

MP receives same label from backup link as it would from Primary LSP
Inner label
21
Inner label
32
MP
Inner label
54
PLR 32
21 R1
R2
R3
54 R4
X
172
Inner label
32 138
Inner label
32 172
138 R8 32 187
Protected LSP: R1->R2->R3->R4 R2s backup: R2->R7->R8->R3
R7
187
Inner label

OAM Tools: OAM LSP-trace

A:# oam lsp-trace LSP_99_103 lsp-trace to LSP_99_103: 0 hops min, 0 hops max, 116 byte packets 1 10.10.10.100 rtt<10ms, rc=6 (DSRtrMatchLabel) 2 10.10.10.100 rtt<10ms, rc=6 (DSRtrMatchLabel) 3 10.10.10.101 rtt<10ms, rc=6 (DSRtrMatchLabel) 4 10.10.10.102 rtt<10ms, rc=3 (EgressRtr) A:#
MPLS Overview
6 1 51
End of Module

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7750 Service Router Alcatel-Lucent Services Implementation Course

Limitations of Traditional IP Routing: Hyper-aggregation

IP has a limited ability to alleviate hyper aggregation which leads to

network and link congestion

Congestion -> packet loss !

Fast Reroute paths available

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LER: Label Edge Router LSR: Label Switch Router

LSR LSR LER

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MPLS: Basic operation

Push Swap Swap

Label Switched Path

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Label Stack Entry Format

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A:SR2# show router mpls label-range ============================================================================== Label Ranges

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MPLS Encapsulation: The Shim Header (Frame Mode)

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Forwarding Equivalence Classes

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)

Label Switched Path

MPLS packets are assigned to a FEC at the network ingress

Label Signaling (Distribution) Protocols Overview

Interior Gateway Protocols Dynamic

Label Signaling Protocols Static Dynamic

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Static Label distribution

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Static Label distribution

Static LSP Static LSP

eLER 3.3.3.3/32 LSR3

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Dynamic Label Distribution: Label Distribution Protocol: LDP

LSPs are established dynamically using a label distribution protocol: LDP

Dynamic Label Exchange

1/1/3 MPLS Network 1/1/4

Egress Label 131071

Egress Interface 1/1/2

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Label distribution: Traffic/Control flow

Data traffic flows Downstream LER1 LSR1 LER2

Control Plane Label allocation flows Upstream

LIB and LFIB

RIB OSPF FIB RIB IS-IS LFIB LIB LDP

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LIB: Show Router LDP Bindings

LFIB: Show Router LDP Bindings Active