Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Suplementary Reading
Digital Design by - John F. Wakerly
www.ddpp.com - you will find some solutions at this site. www.xilinx.com - Xlinix Web site
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals by - M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime Digital Design by - M. Morris Mano Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design
by - Victor P. Nelson, H. Troy Nagle, J. David Irwin & Bill D. Carrol
Logic Gates
LOGIC GATES
Digital Computers
- Imply that the computer deals with digital information, i.e., it deals with the information that is represented by binary digits - Why BINARY ? instead of Decimal or other number system ? 1 * Consider electronic signal 0 binary
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
signal range
octal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
* Consider the calculation cost - Add 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 0 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 00 1 5 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 6 6 7 8 9 101112131415 1 1 10 7 7 8 9 10111213141516 8 8 9 1011121314151617
9 9 101112131415161718
Digital Electronics
Digital Electronics represents information (0, 1) with only two discrete values. Ideally no voltage (e.g., 0v) represents a 0 and full source voltage (e.g., 5v) represents a 1 Realistically low voltage (e.g., <1v) represents a 0 and high voltage (e.g., >4v) represents a 1 We achieve these discrete values by using switches. We use transistor switches, which operates at high speed, electronically, a small in size.
Digital Revolution
Digital systems started back in 1940s. Digital systems cover all areas of life:
still pictures digital video digital audio telephone traffic lights Animation
a Switch
Integrated Circuits
A collection of one or more gates fabricated on a single silicon chip is called an integrated circuit (IC). ICs were classified by size:
SSI - small scale integration - 1~20 gates MSI - medium scale integration - 20~200 gates LSI - large scale integration - 200~200,000 gates VLSI - very large scale integration - over 1M transistors
DIP Packages
Analog vs Digital
Analog
Continuous
Time
Every time has a value associated with it, not just some times
Magnitude
A variable can take on any value within a range
e.g.
temperature, voltage, current, weight, length, brightness, color
Digital Systems
+5
1
+5 1 V Time 5 0
V 5
Time
Quantization
Analog vs Digital
Digital
Discontinuous
Time (discretized)
The variable is only defined at certain times
Magnitude (quantized)
The variable can only take on values from a finite set
e.g.
Switch position, digital logic, Dow-Jones Industrial, lottery, batting-average
Analog to Digital
A Continuous Signal is Sampled at Some Time and Converted to a Quantized Representation of its Magnitude at that Time
Samples are usually taken at regular intervals and controlled by a clock signal The magnitude of the signal is stored as a sequence of binary valued (0,1) bits according to some encoding scheme
Digital to Analog
A Binary Valued, B = { 0, 1 }, Code Word can be Converted to its Analog Value Output of D/A Usually Passed Through Analog Low Pass Filter to Approximate a Continuous Signal Many Applications Construct a Signal Digitally and then D/A
e.g., RF Transmitters, Signal Generators
Digital is Ubiquitous
Electronic Circuits based on Digital Principles are Widely Used
Automotive Engine/Speed Controllers Microwave Oven Controllers Heating Duct Controls Digital Watches Cellular Phones Video Games
Why Digital?
Increased Noise Immunity Reliable Inexpensive Programmable Easy to Compute Nonlinear Functions Reproducible Small