Professional Documents
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Concept of Hydrocarbon processing Petroleum crude and refining: Present and future trend Major Challenges and future strategies in petroleum refining industry Petroleum and petrochemical integration for value addition Future fuel quality and refinery economics
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O R
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C ARBON NO.DISTRIBUTIONS IN DIS TILLATES N ATURAL GAS GASOLINE KEROSINE GAS OIL VGO RESIDUE
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ASPHALTIC
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Refinery products
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Crude Oil
DISTILLATION
VACUUM
Further Processin g
77 Fuel oil
Separation
Distillation Solvent refining
Combination
Catalytic polymerization Alkylation
Conversion
Carbon removal Hydrogen addition
Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Steam/ hydrocarbon reforming
Rearrangement
Isomerization
Petrochemicals
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Contd
Catalytic hydrotreating is patented by Raymond Fleck and Paul Nahin of Union Oil UOP introduces C4 and C5/C6 isomerization processes Standard Oil of California (now Chevron) introduces catalytic hydrocracking The world celebrates Earth Day. The newly created US Environmental Protection Agency passes the Clean Air Act, which requires a 90% reduction in auto emissions by 1975. The European Union issues similar requirements Mobil invents ZSM-5 . During the next three decades, this shape-selective catalyst finds uses in numerous processes, including FCC, catalytic dewaxing, and the conversion of methanol to gasoline. The catalytic converter goes commercial. The phase-out of tetraethyl lead begins The U.S. Congress issues the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, which lay the framework for reformulated gasoline and low-sulfur diesel Several processes are developed to remove sulfur from gasoline. These include SCANfining (Exxon), OCTGAIN(Mobil), Prime G (Axens), and S Zorb (Philips) Chevron commercializes Isodewaxing for converting waxy paraffins into high-quality lube base stock The European Commission issues the Auto Oil II report, which includes a timetable for low-sulfur gasoline and ultra-low-sulfur diesel
1972
1993 2000
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Oil refining
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Digboi refinery commissioned: Refining Capacity 1947/48 Current Installed capacity : Public & Private refineries : Largest Refinery- Reliance Refineries in world
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>700
1515
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1616
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Oil utilization
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Fuel specification
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Refining challenges
Dwindling resources Price volatility, high prices High investments and high gestation period of projects Highly subsidized economy, pricing of automotive fuels APM still in vogue [Administered pricing mechanism : APM] Growing dependence on imported oil Refining challenges new technologies Marketing challenges rising expectation of customers Inadequate rural infrastructure Clean technologies Environmental issues Feedstock - Availability Product mix variation Changing Patterns Environmental Issues Efficiency Improvement Gross Refinery Margin Funding for New Projects
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International Oil prices INFLUENCING FACTORS.. Supply and demand fundamentals OPEC policies [Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - Original OPEC members include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia .. ] Political/economic developments in the exporting / consuming countries Weather conditions Alternative fuels (natural gas) Environmental considerations Large financial funds/ institutions
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West Texas intermediate (WTI), also known as Texas light sweet, is a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing and is the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange's oil futures contracts. The price of WTI is often referenced in North American news reports on oil prices, alongside the price of North Sea Brent crude. Other important oil markers include the Dubai crude and the OPEC reference basket.
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CO2 emission
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Forecast on India
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Excess naphtha
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Polyester consumption
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Alternative to Coker
Residue Hydrocracking UOP's Uniflex process is a unique high-conversion slurry hydrocracking process that obtains very high yields of desirable transportation fuels when processing vacuum residues 4/27/12
Gasifier
Gas Cleaning
Fuels
H2
Liquids Conversion
Fuels/Chemicals
Feedstocks Flexibility
Co-Production
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Renewable
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Integration
PBR: Polybutylene rubber; MEG: Mono ethyl glycol; CAN: Acrylonitrile; 4/27/12
LCO: Light cycle oil LCGO: Ltight Coker Gas Oil HCGO: Heavy coker ags oil
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Sulfur Specifications
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30 15 500 15 30 15 10 10 10 50 10 50 10 150 30 30 50
Units
Year 2000 Limits 51 (min) No spec 0.845 (max) no spec 680 (max) no spec no spec 360 (max) no spec 11 (max) no spec 350 (max)*
Possible Future Limits 55 (min) 52 (min) 0.84 608 (max) 644(max) 662(max) 320(max) 340(max) 350(max) 2(max) 15(max) 10(max)
Distillation
90% boiling point 95% boiling point Final boiling point 90% boiling point 95% boiling point Final boiling point Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Total aromatics Sulfur
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GASOLINE REFORMULATION
Low aromatics and benzene C5/C6 isomerisation Alkylation Benzene management processes Oxygenates FCC for Olefins production Deep desulfurisation Hydro dearomatisation
DIESEL SPECIFICATION
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Resid
Fischer Tropsch
Power
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