Protocol Architecture The Common Language

Need for Protocols

Protocols are a set of rules and conventions. By enforcing that communicating parties adhere to a common protocol, communication is made possible.

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Network Architecture

A Network Architecture is a structured set of protocols that implement the exchange of information between computers

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Programming the Communication

Any complex programming task is made simpler by using several levels of abstraction Abstraction hides the programming details of lower levels Communication tasks give rise to standard abstractions Committees such as the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) are in charge for standardizing the abstractions related to internet communication

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

The Levels of Abstraction

Multiple levels of communication abstractions have been defined by standardization bodies Each level is enforced by a corresponding protocol Each level uses the abstract services of the level below Abstraction achieves separation of concerns

A protocol neednt know how the lower-level abstractions are implemented and what the higher level abstractions are.

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Layered Network Architecture

In a Layered Network Architecture, the services are grouped in a hierarchy of layers.

A protocol of layer N uses only services of layer N-1. A protocol of layer N provides services only to layer N+1.
n o t la y e r e d la y e r e d

A C E
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A C

la y e r 3 la y e r 2

la y e r 1

Service Primitives

Assume that some protocol implements service X.

N+1 Layer Entity N+1 Layer Protocol N+1 Layer Entity

X. Request

X. Confirm

X. Indication

X. Response

N Layer Entity
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

N Layer Entity

Service Primitives
Recall: A layer N+1 protocol entity sees the lower layers only as an abstract service provider
N+1 Layer Entity X. Request N+1 Layer Protocol N+1 Layer Entity X. Response

X. Confirm

X. Indication

Service Provider
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Example: Sending a Letter

Bob
Logical flow of information

Alice

Bobs mailbox

Alices mailbox

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Postman

(Un-)Acknowledged Service

Unconfirmed service:
L.Request

US Mail

L.Indicate

Acknowledged service:
L.Request L.Indicate

L.Confirm
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

US Mail

L.Indicate

Protocol Architectures

There are only few protocol architectures that are relevant today:
OSI Reference Model TCP/IP Protocols Suite ATM Protocol Stack

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

OSI Reference Model

The OSI model defines seven layers: Layer 7: Application Layer Layer 6: Presentation Layer Layer 5: Session Layer Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 3: Network Layer Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 1: Physical Layer Interconnection Media

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

OSI Layers
HOST
A p p l i c a t io n

HOST
A p p lic a tio n

A p p l ic a t i o n Layer P re s e n t a tio n Layer S e s s io n Layer T ra n s p o rt Layer N e tw o rk Layer D a ta L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

A p p li c a t io n Layer P r e s e n t a t io n Layer S e s s io n Layer

NODE
N e tw o rk Layer D a t a L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

NODE
N e tw o rk Layer D a t a L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

T ra n s p o rt Layer N e tw o rk Layer D a t a L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

OSI Layers and Encapsulation

A p p lic a tio n A p p lic a t io n Layer P r e s e n ta t io n Layer S e s s io n Layer T ra n s p o rt Layer N e tw o rk Layer D a ta L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

A p p lic a t io n D a ta H eader of A p p lic a t io n Layer PH SH TH NH DH NH TH TH SH SH SH PH PH PH PH B its

D a ta

A p p lic a t io n

AH AH AH AH AH AH

D a ta D a ta D a ta D a ta D a ta D a ta

A p p lic a t io n Layer P r e s e n ta t io n Layer S e s s io n Layer T ra n s p o rt Layer N e tw o rk Layer D a ta L in k Layer P h y s ic a l Layer

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

OSI Model in a Switched Communication Network

N o d e (R o u te r ) N e tw o r k D a t a L in k P h y s ic a l A p p lic a t io n
P r e s e n ta tio n

A p p lic a t io n
P r e s e n ta tio n

S e s s io n T ra n s p o rt N e tw o rk D a t a L in k P h y s ic a l

N e tw o r k D a ta L in k P h y s ic a l

N e tw o rk D a t a L in k P h y s ic a l

S e s s io n T ra n s p o rt N e tw o r k D a ta L in k P h y s ic a l

N e tw o rk D a ta L in k P h y s ic a l

S ta tio n (H o s t)

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Physical Layer (Layer 1):

Converts bits into electrical or optical signals Transmits these signals over the hardware communication medium Example: RS-232

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

Reliably transfers frames over a link Performs synchronization, error control, flow control Example: PPP

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Network Layer (Layer 3):

Moves packets inside the network Performs routing, addressing, switching, congestion control Example: IP

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Transport Layer (Layer 4):

Controls delivery of data between hosts Connection management, error control, flow control, multiplexing, TCP, UDP.

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Session Layer (Layer 5):

Support the dialog between cooperating application programs Session management, synchronization Example: RPC

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Presentation Layer (Layer 6):

Data conversion into application format Encryption/decryption Secure sockets

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

A Tour of the OSI Layers

Application Layer (Layer 7):

Provides network access to application programs Everything is application specific Example: File Transfer, Electronic Mail

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP protocol suite was first defined in 1974 The TCP/IP protocol suite is the protocol architecture of the Internet The TCP/IP suite has four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface Layer

A p p lic a t io n Layer T ra n s p o rt Layer In te rn e t N e tw o rk In te rfa c e

t e ln e t , f t p , e m a il

TC P, U D P

IP , IC M P , IG M P

D e v ic e D riv e r s

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Example: File Transfer

Host A Router Host B

FTP p ro g ra m TCP

F T P p ro to c o l

FTP p ro g ra m TCP

T C P p ro to c o l

IP E th e rn e t D r iv e r
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

IP p ro to c o l E th e rn e t D r iv e r

IP

IP p ro to c o l E th e rn e t D riv e r

IP E th e rn e t D riv e r

E th e rn e t p ro to c o l

E th e r n e t p ro to c o l

Encapsulation in the TCP/IP Suite

U s e r d a ta A p p lic a t io n
A p p li c a ti o n H eader

U s e r d a ta

TCP
TC P H eader

A p p lic a t io n d a t a
T C P segm ent

IP
IP H e a d e r TC P H eader

A p p lic a t io n d a t a

E th e rn e t D r iv e r
E th e r n e t H eader IP H e a d e r

IP d a ta g r a m
TC P H eader

A p p lic a t io n d a t a

E th e rn e t T ra ile r

E th e r n e t fr a m e
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

U ser P ro c e s s U ser P ro c e s s U ser P ro c e s s U ser P ro c e s s A p p lic a t io n Layer

TCP

U D P

T ra n s p o rt Layer

IC M P

IP

IG M P

N e tw o rk Layer

ARP

H a rd w a re In t e rfa c e

RARP

L in k L a y e r

M e d ia
Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Comparison of OSI Model and TCP/IP Suite

OSI
A p p lic a tio n P r e s e n ta tio n S e s s io n T ra n s p o rt N e tw o r k D a ta L in k P h y s ic a l T ra n s p o rt In te r n e tw o r k
N e tw o rk A ccess

T C P /IP

A p p lic a tio n

P h y s ic a l

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99

Quiz

Name one function of the network layer

Copyright by Jorg Liebeherr 98, 99