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presents:
presents:
waste
substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law
kinds of wastes
Solid waste- domestic, commercial and
industrial wastes especially common as codisposal of wastes
bio-degradable
non-biodegradable
Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment
Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory
hazardous-waste management
It is the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled, can cause substantial harm to human health and safety or to the environment.
Hazardous waste
may be as any waste or combination of wastes that poses substantial danger to human beings, plants and animals.
Ignitable
Ignitability
Ignitable wastes are capable of causing or intensifying a fire during routine handling.
A waste is characteristic for ignitability if it has any one of the following properties:
a liquid with a flash point less than 140 0F (60 0C);
a solid, capable under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes, and when ignited, burns vigorously and persistently; an ignitable compressed gas; or, an oxidizer.
Corrosivity
Corrosive wastes include highly acidic or highly alkaline chemicals and those that are capable of corroding metal.
A waste has the characteristic of corrosivity if it has one of the following properties:
an aqueous waste with pH 2 or less, or pH 12.5 or greater; or, a liquid that corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35mm (0.25 inches) per year.
Reactivity
Reactive waste is synonymous with unstable water. Due to its extreme rate of reaction, an unstable waste, can create an explosive condition at any stage of the management cycle of transport, storage, treatment and disposal.
is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment; is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if subjected to a strong initiating source or heated under confinement; is readily capable of detonation or explosive; or, is a forbidden explosive or a Class A or Class B explosive.
Toxicity
A toxic substance is a poisonous substance; it is hazardous.
Toxicity is determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP), a laboratory test that measures the concentration of the toxic material that could leach into ground water if improperly managed.
Radioactivity
is defined as the spontaneous breakup of the nucleus of an atom. Due to its large nucleus , it is unstable . An unstable nucleus breaks up and the atom changes to another one lower in mass.
PCBs were widely used as dielectric and coolant fluids, for example in transformers, capacitors, and electric motors. Due to PCBs' toxicity and classification as a persistent organic pollutant, PCB production was banned by the United States Congress in 1979 and by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2001. Concerns about the toxicity of PCBs are largely based on compounds within this group that share a structural similarity and toxic mode of action with dioxin. Toxic effects such as endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity are also associated with other compounds within the group.
Sources
of Waste
Households Commerce and Industries
Agriculture
Fisheries
These lists include specific commercial chemical products in an unused form. Some pesticides and some pharmaceutical products become hazardous waste when discarded.
Effects of Waste
Green House Gases are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise.
Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered.
Cancer
Respiratory Conditions (e.g. Asthma) Heart Diseases (e.g. Congenital Heart Disease)
Ingestion - we can eat fish, fruits and vegetables, or meat that has been contaminated through exposure to hazardous substances. Also, small children often eat soil or household materials that may be contaminated, such as paint chips containing lead. Probably the most common type of exposure is drinking contaminated water.
Dermal exposure - a substance can come into direct contact with and be absorbed by our skin.
Oxidation is conducted under alkaline conditions to avoid the generation of cyanide gas. The process is often referred to as alkaline chlorination. An example of this reaction is the chlorine oxidation. The reaction is carried in two steps.
The 1st step is that the pH is maintained above 10 and the reaction proceeds in a matter of minute. In this step, it is taken with greater care to maintain a relatively high pH values because at lower pH there is a potential for the evolution of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas.
The 2nd step proceeds most rapidly around a pH of 8.00. higher pH values may be selected to reduce chemical consumption in the following precipitation steps. Often the second reaction is not carried out because the CNO is considered nontoxic by current regulations.
2NaCNO + 5NaOH + 3Cl2 = 6NaCl + CO2 + N2 +NaHCO3 + 2H2O
Precipitation A process in which an insoluble product is formed called precipitate which is often settled or removed.
Techniques used in handling hazardous waste using physical/chemical treatment: Carbon Adsorption Adsorption is a mass-transfer process in which gas vapors or chemical solutions are held to a solid by intermolecular forces. Example of adsorbents: activated carbon, molecular sieves, silica gel, activivated alumina
Distillation It is the separation of more volatile materials from less volatile ones by a process of vaporization and condensation.
Ion Exchange In this process metals and ionized organic chemicals are recovered. Ion exchange can be defined as reversible exchange of an ion on a solid phase with an ion of like charge in an aqueous phase. This method is mostly used in water treatment to remove metals present in water.
Electrodialysis An electrodialysis unit uses a membrane to selectively retain or transmit specific molecules. The membranes are thin sheets of ion-exchange resin reinforced by a synthetic fiber backing. The construction of the unit is such that anion membranes are altered with cation membranes in stacks of cells in series. An electric potential is applied across the membrane to provide the motive force for ion migration.
Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis is the spontaneous transport of a solvent from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across an ideal semipermeable membrane that Impedes passage of the solute but allows the solvent to flow.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is also called as liquid extraction and liquidliquid extraction. Contaminants can be removed from a waste stream using liquid-liquid extraction if the wastewater is contacted with a solvent having a greater solubility for the target of contaminants than the wastewater. The contaminants will tend to migrate from wastewater into the solvent.
Avoid the Use of Commercial Household Cleaners Use Natural Compost as Fertilizer Avoid the Use of Pesticides Use Water Based Paints
Sewage treatmenta process of treating raw sewage to produce a non-toxic liquid effluent which is discharged to rivers or sea and a semi-solid sludge, which is used as a soil amendment on land, incinerated or disposed of in land fill. Incinerationa process of combustion designed to recover energy and reduce the volume of waste going to disposal. Landfillthe deposition of waste in a specially designated area, which in modern sites consists of a preconstructed cell lined with an impermeable layer (manmade or natural) and with controls to minimize emissions.