By SANGEETH K.K ASST.

PROFESSOR

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
VAST

 Industrial engineering is a detailed analysis of the use

and cost of the resources of an organisation.The main resources are men,material,money equipment and machinery.The analysis is carried out to attain the objectives of an organisation

 The Industrial Revolution resulted from new invention

especially -Textile Industry - Steam Engine - advance in metal cutting and production of machine tool These leads to large number of factories and workers

 With the growth in the size of industries came to

management and management thinking Beginning of industrial engineering The generally accepted beginning relate to the work by F.W Taylor ,who was concerned primarily with the concept of productivity The concept Adam Smith expressed concerning the proper division of labor. The writing of Adam Smith and those of both his student were important stone in the development of the factory system and of the Industrial Revolutions which is created

 Adam Smith was an economist not an engineer ,and a

result ,his writing came from from this perspective A more direct line to the pioneering in industrial engineering might be provided by Charles W . Babbage who wrote on the economy of Machinery and Manufacturing in 1932 Perhaps one of the most important contribution to industrial engineering that Babbage made although it was not recognized at the time, was his attempt to build a computer

 During the latter half of the nineteenth century, one such

person was Henry R .Towne.Towne emphazed the economic aspects and responsibilities of the engineers job in a paper that he presented to the ASME
Another active worker and writer was Federick A Halsely ,

The father of the Halsey premium plan of wage payment A third individual who laid much of the ground work for the developing activity Industrial engineering was Henry L Gantt ,the originator of the Gantt chart

 Probably the most often quoted and generally acknowledge of

studied that have led to the discipline of Industrial Engineering and who himself a mechanical engineer was federick W Taylor . The other giant of the early dates was Frank Bunker Gilbirth .He, was an engineer and obviously had been impressed by the work and writing of Taylor Taylor focused on planning and organization of work whereas Gilberth was interested in improving the efficiency through improvement of methods of doing work

 As the result of the development in the field of engineering

in 1908,the first separate department of industrial engineering were established at pennsylvania State University and at Syracuse University The First PhD granted in theU.S.A in the field of Industrial Engineering was the result of research done in the area of motion study. It was awarded to Barnes M.Barnes by Cornell University as recently as 1933

 At the close of the decade ,the impact of world war 2 was

beginning to be felt in terms of increased production ,this stimulus to industrial engineering precepts and practices Many modern industrial engineering techniques had their genesis the during the period 1940-1946 ,predetermined time standard ,value engineering and the system analysis One of the fascinating product of world war 2 was the activity which came to be know as operation Research

 Basically O.R is a process of applying stastistical and

higher mathematical techniques to the solution of real world problem A highly significant era in development of industrial engineering began after World war II. A great many new activities developed and application principles and techniques was vastly broadened The activities were 1) Industrial engineering and computer, I) Development of system analysis and design iii) Application of mathematical and statistical tools, iv)Network planning techniques and their application

 V) value engineering Vi) Behavioral science and human

factor The two developments mathematical advances and their application in the field of operation research and the development of high speed ,stored programmed digital computer that changed Industrial engineering An additional element should be considered in reviewing the development of industrial engineering and that is human factors or human engineering or ergonomics

1 Work study a) Method study b) Work measurement 2 Plant layout and Material handling 3 Inventory control 4 Operation Research 5 Production Planning and control

6 System Engineering 7 C.P.M and P.E.R.T 8 Value Engineering 9 Cybernetics 1 work study a) How should a job be done and b) How much time a job should take for completion

 Advisor\consultant -available to others for interpretation

data Analyst- Separate whole into parts and examine them Motivator-Provide stimulus and skill availability to a group and individual Decision maker-Select a preference from among many alternative for topic of concern Project Manager-Operate, supervise and evaluate projects Measure obtain data and facts about existing condition

 Before 1940 I.E was mainly applied to manufacturing

Industries ,to work standards or to formulate production control and wage policies Later on the use of I.E spreaded to non manufacturing activities such as construction and transportation ,farm and air-line ,maintenance Still today I.E finds major application in manufacturing plants and industries In an industry besides the production other department utilizing engineering concept in marketing finance etc

 Productivity is nothing but the reduction in wastage of

resources. The resources may be men, machine material ,power, space, time and building etc It also defind as human effort to produce more and more and more with less and less inputs of resources as a result of which the benefit of production may be distributed more equally among maximum number of people Out put is obtained by the combined input of a number of factor such as men, material, money ,land ,management and production methods etc.The ratio between output and input of these factors is known as productivity.

a)

b)
a)

External Factors Internal Factors

External Factors

i) Availability of capital ii) Taxation iii) Government laws iv) Market competition v) Technical and other training facilities


i)

Internal Factors

Plan layout ii) Material handling iii) Product design iv) Work study v) Method study vi) Quality control vii) PPC viii) Management technique etc

To increase the productivity ,following item need fullest control and should minimized Machine breakdown Waiting on men and equipment Poor management Poor working condition Wastage of material

 Frequent machine breakdown

Lack of manage control

Confusion in machine scheduling Shortage of material

Excess inventory
Large quantity of reworked material

 It increase the production and higher profit can be earned Higher wages and bonus can be allowed to workers because

of large profit It raises living standard of workers It creates better employment opportunities It allows better working condition It brings prosperity in the country

 It analogous to the efficiency of a system It may be defined as the ratio between output and input Calculation of productivity

No of workers No of item produced Per unit time

Plant A 200 10

Plant B 300 20

There for productivity

10\200=1\20

20\300=1\15

 Incentive when incentive scheme is introduced in a concern, it result a considerable improvement in productivity Human Relation Good human relation help in cooperative behaviour from workers which results in increase in productivity. Human relation can be improved by labour participation in goal setting, decision making etc.Encouragement to get advantage of creative talents of employees and awarding reward etc

 Cost control Productivity can be increased by reducing the cost of production. This can be done by keeping careful watch over expenditure,minimising wastage of material reducing the machine break down, reducing the waiting time on part of men and equipment.

Training about productivity

Works and supervisors may be trained about the measurement and benefits of productivity. The training must include the practice of work simplification, method study, raw material utility

 Proper planning and scheduling

Help to utilizes men, machines and material to increase productivity

Design the product

Good design of a product helps in minimizing wastage of scraps and increase its durability and attraction.
Measurement of skill

Good supervision and management avoids production inefficiency and inefficient purchasing, maintenance and incorrect specification of material and machines.

A)

Benefit to concern

1 More profit 2 Higher productivity ensure stability of the concern 3 Higher productivity and higher volume of sales provides opportunity for expansion of the concern and wide spread market 4 It provide overall prosperity and reputation of the concern

B) Benefit to workers
1)
2) 3)

Higher productivity permits more wages More wages permits better standard of living of workers Higher productivity yields improved moral and greater satisfaction for workers

C)Benefit to the consumers

1 More productivity ensure better quality of product 2 It also enables reduction in prices 3 It provides more satisfaction to consumers

D)Benefit to Nation
1.It provide greater national wealth 2.It increase capital income 3.It improves standard of living 5It helps better utilization of resources of the nation

 For MANAGEMENT

- To produce good earning - To sell more and - To stand better in marke For workers - Higher wages - Better working conditions -Job security and satisfaction

 Human resources

- The general level of education is an education is an important - Employee need to be motivated to be productive Technology and capital Investment - Promote R&D Industries and Universities - Encourage Personal saving and reduce the taxes on profit

 Government Regulation

-Eliminate unneeded regulation and to make cost benefit analysis to determine the necessary regulation such as those on healthy and safety.

 Material productivity = No. of units produced

cost of material Labour productivity = Aggregate output Amount of labour Capital productivity = Turn over capital employed Machine productivity = output Actual machine hours utilised

 Aggregate productivity =

Output Land +Labour+ material+ capital+ other inputs

Materials

Men

Plant & facilities

Goods and services

Energy

inputs

Production process

output