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Components of water supply scheme

i. Collection:Dams ,reservoirs, intake,pumping station, tubewells ii. Transmission : Conduit, valves, pumping station iii. Treatment :Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, storage iv. Distribution :Pumping station, Overhead reservoir, feeders, main, pipes, valves, fire hydrants

Future water requirement


Selection of per capita water consumption(WC) Future population forecast Design period

Economical period of design


Number of years in future for which proposed facility would meet the demand of the community Length of life of structure (steel pipes-25yrs,concrete pipes-75yrs)- dsn. Period Ease of extension dsn. period First cost dsn. period Rate of interest dsn. period Economy of scale i.e size (per unit production cost decreases with increase in scale of facility) Lead time(preception of project to start) dsn. period

200 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 3000 persons; Cost =Rs 300000 ;Cost/head=Rs100 400 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 12000 persons; Cost =Rs 4800000 ;Cost/head=Rs 40

Design flows and design periods for water supply components


1. Source of water supply: a. Large dams, impounding reservoir(max. daily demand),transmission main(conduit) -costly difficult to enlarge(25-50 yrs) b. Tubewells (5yrs) design-peak hourly (w/o storage) -Max daily consumption(storage)

Design flows and design periods for water supply components


2. Water treatment plant-easy to enlarge(10-15yrs) Dsn flow -max. daily flow 3. Pumping stations-easy(10 yrs) Dsn flow peak hourly flow,max. daily flow+fireflow, average and min. demand 4. Distribution system- Difficult(25yrs) Dsn flow-(max daily+fire demand)/peak hourly

Problem 1
A community is expected to reach a population of 35000 in 20 yrs. It has present population of 28000 with average water consumption of 16x106 lit/day. The existing water treatment plant has a design cpapcity of 28350 m3/day. Assume an arithmetic rate of population growth. Determine in which year the existing plant will reach its design capacity. Assume the plant to be designed on max. daily consumption.

Solution Problem 1
Pf =35000 , PO =28000,K=(35000-28000)/20=350person/yr Avg WC per capita per day=(16x106 lit/day)/28000 persons =571.4Lit/capita/day(Lpcd) Max daily WC=1.5x571.4=857.14Lit/capita/day Pf for water treatment plant=(28350x103)/857.1=33075 persons Pf = PO + K(tf-to) 33075=28000+350(tf-to) ; (tf-to) =14.514 yrs

Problem 2
A small community had a population of 65000 and 85000 in the year of 1995 and 2005 respectively. Assuming a geometric growth rate and an average WC of 300lit/cap/day. Calculate the design flow for the treatment plant and the transmission main from current year. Select an appropriate value for design period.

Solution Problem 2
P1995 =65000 , P2005=85000, Pf = POe Kn =85000= 65000x(e10K) K=0.0268person/yr For transmission main design period=25 yrs(design yr=2037) Treatment plant =15 yrs(design yr=2027) Pf (transmission main)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2037-2005))=200387.15 Pf (treatment plant)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2027-2005))=153277.7 Max daily WC=1.5x300=450Lit/capita/day Capacity for transmission mains= 200387.15 x450=90174.2m3/day Capacity for treatment plant = 153277.7 x450=68974.96m3/day

Problem 3
The present population of a community is 160000 increasing at a geometric growth rate of 0.043 per yr. The present water requirement of the community are fully met by a number of tube wells installed in the city. The average WC is 350l/c/d using a design period of 15 yrs. Calculate the number of additional tube-wells of 3.4m3/min capacity to meet the demand of design period.

Solution problem 3
Avg WC=350l/c/d; design period=15yrs Present population=Po=160000;K=0.043 Pf = POe Kn =160000X(e0.043x15)=304957.92 Additional poulation=304957.92-160000=144957.92 Total WC= 350x144957.92=50735272l/d=50735.2m3/day Tubewell capacity=3.4x60x24=4896m3/day With storage/ overhead reservoir(OHR) max. Daily WC=1.5x50735.2=76102.9m3/day Total no. of tube wells=76102.9/4896=15.516 No overhead reservoir(OHR) Peak hourly flow=2.25x50735.2=114154.4m3/day Total no. of tubewells wells=114154.4/4896=23.324

Rainwater dissolution of CO2-H2CO3

Sources of water
Surface water suspended solids(silt clay) inorganic salts, oils, organics, nutrients, pesticides, pathogens from municipal, agricultural runoff

Groundwater
Depth>35m safe wrt micorbial contaminants

Rainwater
Quality Satisfactory ,dissolution of CO2-H2CO3 Affected by collection systems and storage conditions

Surface water
Quality and quantity are highly variable Subject to changing land use and evaporation Runoff and precipitates may add significant contaminant Requires elaborate treatment for use as drinking water supplies

Ground water
Small development cost Negligible evapotranspiration losses Reduced alienation of productive land Consistent water quality High pumping energy cost Variation in standing water level Higher dissolved solids and minerals Corrosion and encrustation of pipes and fittings

Collection works
Intake :Device placed in a surface water source to
permit withdrawal of water from that sources

Parts of intake structure


1.Opening/strainer/grating 2.Conduit to convey water to sump 3.Sump/well from where water is pumped to treatment plant

Types of Intake :
Single port :constant/fixed depth (river, lake) Multiport :selective draft from various depths(reservoir)

Factors affecting intake structure


Water Availability Sediment Transport Environmental Regulation Climatic Conditions Initial and Maintenance Dredging Operation and Maintenance

Reservoir intake

Lake intake(single port)

River intake (single port)

Technical & Environmental Considerations


Dams Location narrow gorge Solid foundation design Adequate height for storage to meet draft requirement at max daily flow Upstream free from pollution(preferably uninhabited) No discharge of industrial municipal agriculture runoff (Rawal dam) Watershed area heavily forested to avoid siltation in reservoir

Technical & Environmental Considerations


Intakes Location away from pollution sources(Hanna lakeQuetta) Adequate submergence of ports to avoid floating debris and meet navigational requirement Adequate elevation of conduit from stream/lake bed to avoid bed debris Entering velocity <0.15m/s to avoid small fish intrusion

Distribution system
Gravity distribution Natural slope, spring at peak (Muree, D.G.Khan) Economical Site specific Design problems

Distribution by pump w/o storage


Not practicable High electricity cost Operator role important(constant attendance) Power /tubewell or fire breakdown problem Pressure variation Pumps at peak hourly flow Several pumps to conform varying demand

Pump with storage

Pump with storage


Excess water pumped during periods of low consumption stored in OHR High consumption periods water drawn out to augment pumped water Constant pumping rate Economical as pumping rate max. daily flow instead of peak hourly flow More reliable due to fire fighting reserve

Water supply pipes


Durability First cost Maintenance cost Type of water to be conveyed(corrosive) Carrying capacity(size)

Cast iron pipes


Life-100 yrs(C-100(new)-130(old)) Joints-flanged joints with rubber gasket Use-distribution system, treatment plants, pumping stations & where rigidity strength and joint tightness is required Disadvantages :Corrosion reduce capacity by 70%-must be lined with cement/bitumen

Steel pipes
Avg life-25-50 yrs (C=100) Jointing by welding Less carbon then CI Use-trunk mains, seldom used in distribution system due to difficulty in jointing Advantages: Stronger and lighter then CI for high pressure pipes ,Cheaper then CI Disadvantages :Cannot withstand vacuum, Corrosion susceptible

Galvanized iron pipe


Life:20 yrs (C=100) Dipping CI pipe in molten Zn Size :1/2-24 Resistant to corrosion Use: distribution system , mains, esp where soil is rocky & excavation cant be done and pipe is to be laid in open eg. In hilly areas , plumbing

Concrete pipe
Avg life-75 yrs(C=138-152) Usual size of RCC pipe >400 mm Advantages :inexpensive relatively ,withstand high internal pressure /external load , corrosion resistance, long life, minimal bedding. Disadvantages: Manufactured on site/near site, heavy, exact pipe fittings to be laid in advance

Asbestos cement
Avg life-30-50 yr (C=140-130) Size 100-600mm Available length-4m Use :distribution system , transmission mains Advantages :immune to acid salt, corrosion, less cost laying and jointing , Less pumping cost due to less friction

Polyvinyl chloride
Expected life-25 yrs 50 yrs(C=140) Size :350 mm size 12mm-600mm Mainly used for domestic plumbing easy to install handle, distribution system Advantages :light weight, easy to install ,Cheaper , corrosion resistance, ease of jointing, easy maintenance ,long service life, small pumping cost Disadvantages :Weak to sustain load, piling, PVC brittle in sunlight

Ductile pipe
Similar to CI except increased ductility Mg addition with low sulpher and phosphorous content More expensive then CI Stronger tougher and elastic then CI

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