Welcome to DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Prof. Farhat Anwar ECE Phone Ext: 4578 h/p: 0129076896 email: farhat@iium.edu.my 1.1

DATA COMMUNICATIONS Introduction

Reading Assignment: Chapter 1

Based on slides of Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz A. Forouzan (4th ed), McGraw Hill, 2007

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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Tele Communications Data Data Communications Computer Networks

Topics discussed in this section:
Components Data Representation Data Flow
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Telecommunication/Data/Data communications
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Definitions of data communications on the Web:

The transmission of information between computers by means of a network such as an Ethernet, a telephone system, or a satellite link. www.rcnp.osaka-u.ac.jp/unix/DOCUMENTATION/HTML/AA-QTM6A-TET1_html/reader5.html transmission of data and information over a communications channel, www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/reference/glossary-d.htm The electronic transmission of data, usually in computer readable form, using a variety of transmission vehicles and paths. www.returncentral.com/Glossary.asp (1) Transfer of information between a source and a destination via one or more data links, according to appropriate protocols. (2) Transmission and reception of data, often including operations such as coding, decoding and validation. www.itcom.itd.umich.edu/glossary.html The transfer by electronic means of data from the point of origin to a computer, from computer to a user, or between two or more computers. www.disa.mil/cio/darmp/appadef.html The transmission of data between computer systems using communication links such as phone lines or microwaves. Also involves the use of modems. www.encodasystems.com/resource_library/glossary/broadcast_glossary/d_glossary.htm The reception, transmission & validation of data. The transfer of data between a data source & data link via one or more links. www.connectworld.net/iec/Browse02/GLSD.html

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1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS (cont.)

The movement of coded information by means of electronic transmission systems. www.utcg.com/glossary.htm The transfer of informations from one location to another via electrical transmission systems. www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-D.htm The transmission of data between a sender and a receiver. (See 131) highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072315326/student_view0/chapter4/glossary.html A type of communications in which computers and terminals are able to exchange data over an electronic medium. www.novastars.com/modems.htm The transmission of data and information between two or more computers using a communications channel such as a standard telephone line; also called communications, or telecommunications. 1.8, 6.2-35 www.scsite.com/dc/main_glossary_d.htm The interchange of data messages from one point to another over communications circuits. homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/d.html The capacity of a computer to exchange information with another computer. www.geos-infobase.de/ND_DOCS/268.HTM The transmission or sharing of data between computers via an electronic medium. www.brivers.com/ua/modems/other/usr_analog_glossary.htm

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Effectiveness of Data Communications System

Depends on three fundamental characteristics:

Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter

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Data Communications
Topics discussed in this section:

Components Data Representation Data Flow

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Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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Data Communications
Topics discussed in this section:

Components Data Representation Data Flow

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Data Representation
Information comes in different forms: Text Numbers Images Audio Video Etcetera, Etcetera, Etcetera

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Data Communications
Topics discussed in this section:

Components Data Representation Data Flow

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Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

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Computer Network
Definitions of Computer network on the Web:

A set of computers that are connected and able to exchange data. www.ciao.gov/ciao_document_library/glossary/C.htm A computer network is two or more computers that are connected together to share resources, such as hardware, data, and/or software. A network that covers a small geographical area, such as a room or a building, is called a local area network or LAN. See LAN www.menominee.nsn.us/MIS/Pages/MISGlossary.htm a group of computers that are connected by cables or telephone lines that share the same resources such as databases library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/hookele/susan/glossary.html A data communication system that interconnects computer systems at different sites. DukeNet is the Duke University computer network. The Common Services Network (CSN) is Duke Health Systems computer network. www.aas.duke.edu/comp/security/definitions.html Two or more computers connected together to share resources. www.marketconscious.com/dict.htm A computer network can be defined as: a communications system that links two or more computers and peripheral devices and enables transfer of data between the components. wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/505/517554/glossary.html A hardware mechanism that computers use to communicate. A network is classified as a Local Area Network or Wide Area Network, depending on the hardware capabilities. www.dca.fee.unicamp.br/~antonio/glossary.html Interconnection of two or more CPUs with associated memories, peripheral devices, etc. www.computersandinternet.com/Dictionary/Terms-C.htm

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Computer Network (cont.)

A collection of computers and other devices that use a common network protocol to share resources with each other over a network medium. www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~paraga/books/1555582141/glossary.html is two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power. highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072464011/student_view0/chapter6/glossary.html Communications system connecting two or more computers and their peripheral devices. www.mhhe.com/it/oleary/ce01-02/student/olc/glo_ch09.mhtml A collection of computers, connected by wires, that can exchange data with each other. www.ncu.edu.jm/infosci/courses/cptr250/glossary.htm An interconnection of computer systems, terminals, communications facilities, and data collecting devices. homepages.bw.edu/~kweiss/glossary/c.html (computer science) a network of computers www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Computer Network
Network Criteria

Performance Measured transit time, response time etc. Factors no. of users, transmission medium type, hardware capabilities, software efficiency etc. Reliability Measured frequency of failure, recovery time etc. Security

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Computer Network
Physical Structures (attributes)

Type of connection Point-to-point Multipoint or multidrop Physical topology Mesh Star Bus Ring

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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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Computer Network
Physical topology

The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another

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Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

No of channels or links = n(n-1)/2 No of links/node = n-1 No of I/O ports/node = n-1

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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

No of channels or links = n No of links/node = 1 No of I/O ports/node = 1

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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

Backbone

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Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

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Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Computer Network
Network Models

Computer networks are created by different entities. Standards are needed for heterogeneous networks to be able to communicate with each other. Two best known standards include,

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), 7 layers Internet model (TCP/IP) 5 layers

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Computer Network
Categories

LAN MAN WAN

Determined by its size, ownership, distance covered, physical architecture

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Computer Network
Categories

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Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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Computer Network
Topics discussed in this section: Distributed Processing Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork

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1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History The Internet Today (ISPs)
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Internet History Timeline

1957:The United States Department of Defense formed a small agency called ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) to develop military science and technology. 1961-1965:The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) started to research sharing information in small, phone-linked networks. ARPA is one of their main sponsors. 1966: The first ARPANET plan is unveiled by Larry Roberts of MIT. Packet switching technology is getting off the ground, and small university networks are beginning to be developed. 1969:The Department of Defense commissions the fledgling ARPAnet for network research. The first official network nodes were UCLA, Standford Research Institute,UCSB, and the University of Utah. The first node to node message was sent from UCLA to SRI. 1971: more nodes join the network, bringing the total to 15. These new nodes include Harvard and NASA. 1973: ARPAnet goes global when the the University College of London and Norway's Royal Radar Establishment join up. 1974: Network intercommunication is becoming more sophisticated; data is now transmitted more quickly and efficiently with the design of TCP (Transmission Control Program).

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Internet History Timeline (cont.)

1976: Unix is developed at AT and T; Queen Elizabeth sends out her first email message. 1979: USENET, the mother of all networked discussion groups, is developed. 1982: Internet technology protocols are developed, commonly known as TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol). This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" being a connected set of networks. 1984: Number of hosts is now up to 1000, with more being added every day. 1985: The first registered domain is Symbolics.com. 1987: Number of hosts breaks the 10,000 mark. 1988: First large-scale Internet worm affects thousands of Internet hosts. 1991: Tim Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. 1993: The World Wide Web's annual growth is now at a staggering 341,634%.

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Internet History Timeline (cont.)

1994: ARPAnet celebrates 25th anniversary. 1995-1997: RealAudio introduces Internet streaming technology, dial-up systems emerge (America Online, Compuserve), the Internet backbone continues to be strengthened with the addition of MCI, Microsoft and Netscape fight for WWW browser supremacy, and there are now more than 70,000 mailing lists. 1998-present:The Internet continues to experience staggering growth. More people use the Internet to get connected to others, find information, conduct business, and share information than ever before in history. Ref - http://websearch.about.com/od/whatistheinternet/a/historyinternet.htm

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Internet Growth Charts

Ref - http://navigators.com/stats.html

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Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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Hierarchical organization of the Internet

Internet service providers

Network access points

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1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:

Protocols Standards Standards Organizations Internet Standards
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PROTOCOLS
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the data communications Key Elements:

Syntax : Semantics : Timing :

Structure or format Meaning of each section of bits When data should be sent and how fast data can be sent

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STANDARDS
Standards are essential in

creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and telecommunications technology and processes.

Categories : De facto De jure

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STANDARDS

De facto

(Latin expression that means "of the fact" or "in practice)

That have not been approved by an organized body but have been adapted as standards through widespread use.

Some examples of de facto standards include:

Hayes command set for controlling modems Kermit Communications Protocol Xmodem Communications Protocol Hewlett-Packard Printer Control Language (PCL) for laser printers. PostScript page description language for laser printers The IBM PC format which used MS-DOS and MS Windows operating systems Portable Document Format (PDF), first published in 1993 by Adobe. AutoCAD

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STANDARDS

De jure

("by law")

That have been legislated by an officially recognized body, Hardware or software that is endorsed by a standards organization.

Some examples of de facto standards include:

Hayes command set for controlling modems

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STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

International organization for standardization (ISO) International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T) Previously called CCITT (Comit Consultatif International de Tlgraphique et Tlphonique or International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

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INTERNET STANDARDS

Requests for comments UDP TCP IP RFC 768 RFC 793, 1122, 1323, 2018 and 2581 RFC 791 (IPv4), RFC 2373, 2460 (IPv6)

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