TENSION, COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR

Sridhar Condoor

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What is Mechanics of Materials?

Deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to different types of loads

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Skyscrapers of Fazlur Khan

Khan used a taper in the John Hancock building to reduce the wind loads and 18-story tall exterior steel diagonalsthe famous X-bracesto carry this load. The buildings configuration is a tube stiffened by the floors.
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(a)

Skyscrapers of Fazlur Khan

Khan designed the Willis Tower using the bundled tube approach. Nine separate steelframed square buildings, each 75 feet square, are interlocked to form a massive structure.
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(a)

(b)

Skyscrapers of Fazlur Khan

Benefits:
Reduced the material requirements. The net saving in steel alone is about $10 million. The tubes terminated at different levels creating more rentable windowed space (space with windows as opposed to internal space).

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Design Task
Need Float coins using aluminum foil. The goal is to float as much weight as possible without wetting the coins. The size of the foil is 5 X 5.

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Insights
Interrelated subjects Strength Stiffness Tipping Loading One or multiple boats Sheet size translates into cost

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Prismatic Bar
A straight structural member of constant cross-section. Cross-section is taken perpendicular to the length of the beam.

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Tension - Compression
Tension - The tensile force or tension stretches the bar and increases its length. Compression - A compressive force or compression decreases the length of the bar.
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Is this a valid tensile loading?

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Examples
Tension The cable supporting the elevator Belt in the belt/pulley system Tensile members of a truss Compression Legs of a stool Walking stick Nail being hammered

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Uniaxial Load
Tension
Not fail-safe

Compression
Fail-safe

Does not buckle

Buckling

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Normal Stress
Intensity of force

where F is the force and A is the crosssectional area.

The stress is independent of structural material and the length of the prismatic bar.
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Units - Stress
Force/Area N/m^2 or Pascal lb/in^2 or psi 7000 Pascal = 1 psi Sign convention
Tensile stress positive

Compressive stress negative

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Stress - Strength
The magnitude of the stress alone does not provide any insight into whether a structure safe or not. The stress must be compared to what the material can safely withstand the strength of the material.

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Normal Strain
Elongation per unit length Sign convention
Tensile strain positive

Dimensionless quantity

Compressive strain negative

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PROBLEM
A circular aluminum tube of length L 400 mm is loaded in compression by forces P. The outside and inside diameters are 60 mm and 50 mm, respectively. A strain gage is placed on the outside of the bar to measure normal strains in the longitudinal direction.
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PROBLEM
(a) If the measured strain is 550x10-6, what is the shortening of the bar?

(b) If the compressive stress in the bar is intended to be 40 MPa, what should be the load P?
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SOLUTION

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PROBLEM
The cross section of a concrete pier that is loaded uniformly in compression. (a) Determine the average compressive stress in the concrete if the load is equal to 2500 k. (b) Determine the coordinates x and y of the point where the resultant load must act in order to produce uniform normal stress.
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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION

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PROBLEM
A loading crane consisting of a steel girder ABC supported by a cable BD is subjected to a load P. The cable has an effective cross-sectional area A = 481 mm2. The dimensions of the crane are H = 1.6 m, L1 = 3.0 m, and L2 = 1.5 m.
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PROBLEM
(a) If the load P = 32 kN, what is the average tensile stress in the cable? (b) If the cable stretches by 5.1 mm, what is the average strain?

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SOLUTION STEP 1 DRAW THE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

Sketch the overall shape: Draw the object removed or isolated from its surroundings at the locations where they act. Try to capture the overall shape without focusing on details. Show ALL forces: Pencil in all the forces acting on the body. Use the proper direction if the direction of the force is given or known by physical reasoning. Label each force: Identify each known force with its magnitude and unknown forces with a consistent lettering scheme. Specify characteristic dimensions: Specify the dimensions that aid in the resolution of force vectors.
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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION
T=102 kN

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS TENSION TEST

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ENGINEERING STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

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ENGINEERING STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Nominal stress

PA 0
Nominal strain

L 0
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MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)

Modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus is a measure of stiffness of the material. It is the slope of the stress-strain curve. Slightly affected by alloying, heat treatment, or cold working.

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PROPORTIONALITY & ELASTIC LIMIT

Proportional limit: the highest stress at which stress is directly proportional to strain. Elastic limit: the greatest stress the material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain after unloading. Elastic limit > Proportional limit
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YIELD STRENGTH
A. Stress at which considerable elongation occurs without change in the stress level
Stress

B. Offset yield strength the stress required to produce a small specific amount of deformation.
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Strain

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

Ultimate tensile strength or tensile strength Su is the maximum load Pmax divided by the original cross-sectional area Ao of the specimen.

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Engineering Stress-Strain Curve for Brittle Materials

Perfectly linear Do not have a yield point. Do not strain-harden the ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.
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True Stress-Strain or Flow Curve

A true indication of deformation characteristics

Based on the true instantaneous area of the specimen.

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Specific Strength Ratios

What do you think the specific stiffness for these materials will be? 3:24 AM

Specific Stiffness Ratios

E (psi) Steel Aluminum 30 E6 10.5 E6 Density (lb/in3) 0.283 0.1 Specific stiffness .106 E 9 .105 E 9

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Hookes Law
Strain is directly proportional to stress

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Poissons Ratio ()
The negative ratio of the transverse strain (perpendicular to the applied load), to the axial strain (in the direction of the applied load) Poissons ratio 0 0.5
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lateral longitudinal

Poissons Ratio ()

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Problem
A steel bar of length 2.5 m with a square cross section 100 mm on each side is subjected to an axial tensile force of 1300 kN. Assume that E 200 GPa and v 0.3.
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Determine the increase in volume of the bar.

Solution

E 200 GPa and v 0.3.

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Solution

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SHEAR STRESS
Stresses acting parallel to the surface

PA

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Single vs Double Shear

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BEARING STRESS

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BEARING STRESS
Applied load over bearing area Bearing area is the projected area In this case, projected area is equal to ??????

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PROBLEM
Three steel plates, each 16 mm thick, are joined by two 20mm diameter rivets.

A.

If the load P 50 kN, what is the largest bearing stress acting on the rivets? If the ultimate shear stress for the rivets is 180 MPa, what force Pult is required to cause the rivets to fail in shear?

B.

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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION

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Ductility vs Brittleness
DOES A CD FAIL IN A DUCTILE OR BRITTLE MANNER?

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DUCTILITY VS BRITTLENESS
Ductility - Is a qualitative measure of a material that indicates the ability of the metal to flow plastically before failure.

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