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Contemporary Grids

Todays smart grid has been developed with extensive interconnections These connections improves the reliability of the grids Present smart grids does not support the high penetrations of renewable energy for future use To overcome this we need to measure power levels and to control power flows.

Problems of present power systems


Present day power systems have a varying number of faults. 1. very less reliability. 2. effective control and management reg power transfer not yet achieved. 3. Black outs due to synchronization. 4. effective use and inter

Digital grid
Advantages :1. More Robust and easily modifiable 2. can effectively include the power generated by renewable sources like solar and wind energy without the problem of compatabiliy. 3.In the smart grid, due to the complexity of fluctuating impedences, full control of power is not possible. 4. Digital grid works asynchronously. 5.Digital grid manages the power flow at every level.

Digital grid and networking


How is this related with digital grid? Both are used in a similar maner. A cell is given a specific IP address. The Size of the cell varies from a city to a home. When prompted, A digital Grid Controller sends the required power in the required frequency,voltage and power specifications to the specific IP address. The manner in which this is transferred is as follows

A computer connects to the internet using a internet passport address (IP Address). The IP address identify's the computer in the wide area network (WAN). The computer connects to the main server via LAN connected Routers. These Routers Redirect Traffic back to the destination server. It is these Routers that Play an Important part.

Digital Grid
Synchronous Power system is subdivided into smaller digitalized cells. These cells are connected asynchronously via Digital Grid Routers. DGR can send and recieve discrete power packets. Digital grid controllers coordinate with DGRs to absorb,consume and generate power.

Features of the digital grid


Independent cells with mutually unsynchronized phases and frequencies are connected using DGR Digital grid controllers(DGC) are used to transfer information. Each DGR and DGC has a CPU, memory, data storage and network communications . Power and information can be integrated on a single line.

FUNCTIONS
Supports high penetration of renewable energy. Grid stability and redundancy. Digital Power Trading. Merging information and electric power. Transition from the Conventional Grid

Outlook of Digital grid


Japan is divided into three independent grids. Peak demand of the grid in north - 5.4GW eastern-113GW western-56GW. Capacity of conversion between north-east is 0.6GW east-west is 1.0GW Constant frequency 502 HZ in north and east 602HZ in west

Digital Grid Router is composed of multiple IPaddressed ac/dc/ac converters with a common dc bus. It can send discrete power pockets to any location using voltage source converters over existing transmission lines.

Interconnections of Cells

Digital grid controllers


DGC is attached to the controllers of the generators and energy storage units. Dispatches commands to the controllers of generators, loads and energy storages. Transmit information such as the status of generators, the state of charge (SOC) of energy storage, electric load, information, etc.

Digital Electrical Power


Energy and information are integrated and then delivered to a power line for simultaneous power control. Information can be transferred through two networks Basic information through the power line. Additionals through different network in advance. Basic informations need lower bandwidth.

Communication Technology in Digital Grid


Modelled on architecture of internet and internet protocol. Cheaper and highly developing. Includes routing optimization, automatic address assigning, data error detection.

Energy Exchange Procedure


DGR or DGC broadcasts a request to the other equipment for energy exchange. This include direction and quantity of real and reactive powers starting and ending time of exchange, minimum and maximum pricing details. Power equipments having those features reply with an offer of trading conditions.

Energy Exchange Procedure Cont


The DGR or DGC reserves the exchange with one of the repliers and get the acknowledgement. This process is similar to ordinary reservation. Exchange takes place by the route which minimizes the power losses. Best route is chosen by focusing on economic criteria and optimising based on physical limitations.

Every energy transaction between DGR and DGC are recorded including time, price, source, seller and buyer.

Active and reactive power can be controlled independently. Power can be pushed in or pulled out from each interconnection line within limit of DGR capacity.

Control of power flow with DGR


With synchronous grid magnitude of power depends upon voltage,frequency,inductance and angle(theta). With DGR magnitude of power can be controlled by Vx and P=V*Vx(sin )/wL and Q=(V -V*Vx.cos)/wL

Simulation Diagram

AC- DC converter

Instantaneous Power transfer at =0 and =30;

Instantaneous Power transfer at =0 and =90;

tac

Power loss in the transmission line

Energy Control Technique

Simulation result of energy control

Conclusion
Digital grid provides robustness by dividing it into asynchronous cells and by using energy storage.It helps in accessing electrical energy as accommodity.It may be applied to current grid step by step and may increase utilization factor of transmission lines.It can be efficiently implemented in developing countries as much investment has not been made in synchronization.

As it uses internet protocol for communication which is cheap so digital electricity can be made cheaper.

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