UNIT- I

WATER TREATMENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION TYPES OF IMPURITIES IN WATER

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

HARD WATER AND SOFT WATER UNITS OF HARDNESS

ALKALINITY ESTIMATION OF HARDNESS BY EDTA METHOD BOILER FEED WATER SOFTENING METHODS

EXTERNAL TREATMENT
INTERNAL TREATMENT

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER

INTRODUCTION:
Water is one of the most abundant commodities in nature. 97% - locked in the oceans (too saline). 80% - trapped in polar ice caps, glaciers. 10% - locked in rock crevices & minerals. 0.3% of the worlds water resources can trap for domestic, agriculture, industries.

Earth is a blue planet and 4/5th of its surface is covered by water.

Sources of water:

Surface water Underground water Rain water Estuarine water

TYPES OF IMPUTRITIES IN WATER

Physical impurities:

suspended impurities
e.g., sand, oil droplets, vegetable & animal matter

colloidal impurities
e.g., silica,clay,organic waste Chemical impurities

Dissolved salts
e.g.,organic & inorganic salts

Dissolved gases
e.g., CO2,N2,NH2,H2S Bacterial impurities

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

Various types of impurities present in natural water impact some properties on the water.To determine the quality of water,the following parameters are used:

Colour Tastes and odours Turbidity and sediment Micro organisms Dissolved mineral matter hardness alkalinity total solids corrosion Dissolved gases Silica content Oxidability pH

HARD WATER AND SOFT WATER

HARD WATER

does not produce lather with soap solution Produce white scum (precipitate) Presence of dissolved Ca & Mg salts. 2C17H35COONa + Ca++ (Na soap) (hardness causing ion)
SOFT WATER

(C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+ (Ca soap water soluble)

produces lather with soap solution absence of Ca & Mg salts

HARDNESS

Hardness soap consuming capacity of a water Soaps (Na salts of fatty acids) reacts with water containing Ca and Mg ions to form insoluble scums of Ca & Mg soaps. 2C17H35COONa + CaCl2 (soap soluble) (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaCl (Ca soap insoluble)

Units of Hardness

ALKALINITY Alkalinity of natural waters is generally due to presence in them of HCO3- , SiO32-, HSiO3-, CO32-. increased concentration of OH- ions upon dissociation

presence of some weak organic acids (humates), binds H+ ions as a result of hydrolysis.

CLASSIFICATION: Hydroxide alkalinity due to (OH- ) Carbonate alkalinity due to (CO3 2- ) Bicarbonate alkalinity due to (HCO3 2- )

ESTIMATION OF HARDNESS BY EDTA METHOD

APPARATUS REQUIRED TITRATIO N

BOILER FEED WATER The water fed into the boiler for the stream. production of gases,

It should be free from turbidity, oil, dissolved alkali and hardness causing substances.

Hard water obtained is fed directly to the boilers, the following troubles may arise.

BOILER TROUBLES
Scale and sludge formation Priming and foaming (carry over). Caustic embrittlement.

Boiler corrosion.

SOFTENING METHODS
process of removing hardness producing salts from water. Softening of water is done by External treatment Internal treatment

EXTERNAL TREATMENT
Removal of hardness producing salts from the water before feeding into the boiler.
It can be done by demineralisation or Ionexchange process.

INTERNAL TREATMENT
Removal of scale forming substance by adding chemicals directly into the boiler.

TREATMENT OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC SUPPLY

Rivers and lakes are sources of portable water. It should be free from colloidal impurities, domestic sewages,

industrial effluents and disease producing bacterias.

PURIFICATION PROCESS:
AERATION

SOURCES OF WATER FILTERATION

SCREENING

COAGULATION

SEDIMENTATION

STERILISATION (or) DISINFECTION

DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER

BRACKISH WATER

Water (dissolved salts) with peculiar taste

DESALINATION

Process of removing common salt (NaCl) from water by reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis Two solutions of different concentration seperated by a semipermeable membrane ,if a hydrostatic pressure is applied on the higher concentration side,the solvent flows from higher concentration to lower concentration.

ADVANTAGES
Life time of the membrane is high Can be replaced with ih few minutes removes ionic,non ionic, colloidal impurities

Parts per million (ppm) :

1 ppm = 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 106 parts of water

Milligrams per litre (mg/lit) :

1 mg/lit = 1 mg of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 1 litre of water

Clarkss degree :
1o Cl = 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 70,000 parts of water

French degree :
1o Fr = 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 105 parts of water