Prof .

Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

 Arabic : is a Central Semitic language Pronunciation : al-arabiyah Spoken in : Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle East and North Africa; its language of Islam. Total speakers : by more than 280 million people as a first language , and by 250 million more as a second language after English and/or French.
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Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

Arab World
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 Arabic Family: Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic Central Semitic

Arabic

Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

Arabic usually designates one of three main variants: Classical Arabic. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Colloquial or dialectal Arabic.

Prof . Shatha Abu Al - Fatih

1. Classical Arabic:
is the language found in the Qur'an and used from the period of Pre-Islamic Arabia to that of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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2. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) :

is the literary language used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. Literary Arabic is the standard and literary variety of Arabic used in writing and in formal speech. It is part of the : Arabic macro language.
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3. Colloquial or dialectal Arabic :

refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language . For Example : Egypt

Egyptian dialect Cairene dialect Alexandrian dialect

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Q1 : Arabic language spoken in. Q2: From what family the Arabic language is ? Q3: What are the three main variants of Arabic? Q4: What is the dialects Arabic language of Morocco? Moroccan Arabic ,Maghrebi
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 Find the colloquial or dialects Arabic language for any three chosen countries from the Arab world.

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 An Arab (Arabic: ,Arabi) is a person who identifies as such on ethnic, linguistic or cultural grounds. The plural form, Arabs ( Al-Arab), refers to the ethnocultural group as a whole; a Semitic people historically residing predominantly in Arabia but today spread across most of the Middle East and many other parts of the world.

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 There are over 200 million Arabs worldwide. To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or lineage. To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather than racial. The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews. Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically called an Arab. Arabic is the official and the original language of the Quran, the Islamic holy book.

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 It must be emphasized that there is no one Arab culture or society. The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communities, groups and cultures. Differences exist not only among countries, but within countries as well.

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 An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.

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 Arab culture: is an inclusive term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arabic-speaking cultures, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct Religion, Art, and Food are some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.

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List down the most famous Arab cultures: Hints: 1. Religion 2. Food 3. Dress 4. Believes 5. Attitudes 6. Men vs. women
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ARAB DRESS ( MEN )

Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing Thobes to blue jeans, T-shirts and western business suits. The Thobes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.

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Examples of Headdress :
Red and /or white Ghetrah.( Middle East) Historically of Palestinian origin. Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.

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ARAB DRESS ( WOMEN )

Adherence to traditional dress varies across societies. (More traditionalSaudi Arabia Less traditional Egypt) . Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (Abayah, Jilbab, or Chador) and Veil (Hijab). Some women cover their faces as well. ( In class assignment : list down other different dresses for Arab women ) Example: Rural women, who typically work in the fields, may wear less restrictive garments lighter in color and weight.
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WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETIES

Arab women are typically subordinate to men in their societies. The extent varies by country. The most restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon. Answer with ( Do / Don't ) : Respect the privacy of women in Arab societies. ( ) Men stand when women enter a room. ( ) Shake hands with an Arab woman . ( ) Shake hands with an Arab woman when she offers her hand first.( ) Stare at women or maintain eye contact. ( ) Ask Arabian male questions about his wife or other female members of his family. ( )
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FAMILY
The family is the key social unit to an Arab. This loyalty influences all aspects of an Arabs life. Arabs honor and respect their family. They highly value friendships. Fathers are the authority figure. Mothers have power over the house and the children. Larger the better: Large families provide for possible economic benefits, particularly for the possibility that a son will care for his parents in their elderly years. Children: Male are favored, since a son is expected to care for his parents in their advanced age, whereas a daughter becomes part of the son-inlaws family.
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ARAB CHILDREN
Young children are treasured, adored and indulged. Arabs tend to have a preference for male. Older boys are allowed to attend the gatherings of men. Older girls are carefully protected. Children are taught to conform to norms and conventional Arab society. Children are not encouraged to seek individuality as much as they are in the West. Children seldom leave home until they marry. It is expected that everyone will marry. When girls married they dont take their husbands name. Honor and dignity are tied to the good repute of ones family. Children belong to their fathers family, and in the case of divorce the father is automatically awarded custody of boys at least 9 years old and girls at least 12 years old. Younger children remain with their mother.
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ARAB :

ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

Family : Center of everything. (Father has first and last word.) Friends : Periphery, but courteous to all. Honor : Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be protected and defended at all costs. Shame (especially against family) : avoided at all costs, insults and criticism taken very seriously. Time : less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and slower than that in Western cultures. Religion : Central to all things. Society : Family / tribe is most important. Government : Most governments are secular, but still emphasize religion. Age and Wisdom honored. (Wealth honored in both cultures).
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ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

WESTERN :

Family Important but not as central to individual. Friends Core to some, important to most. Honor Typically not as important. Shame Typically not as important. Time- Very structured, deadlines must be met. Religion Varies by individual, very personal, not discussed in polite conversation. Society Individual rights. Government Purpose is to protect rights and improve standard of living. Youth and Beauty praised. (Wealth honored in both cultures).

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Q : Write Three points of each for the following :

A- Arab Dress B- Arab Dress C- Family in Arab World D- ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective Men Women

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FOOD
1. Introduction: The Qur'an and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad imposed upon the Muslims certain restrictions on what they ate and drank. Certain foods and products are forbidden (haram) to Muslim according to the Qur'an and the Hadith (the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad). "Allah, the Almighty is pure and accepts only that which is pure. The Almighty has said, Eat of the pure things, and do righteous actions. Oh, you who believe! Eat of the pure things that Allah has given you." [Hadith quoted by Abu Huraira.] "Haram" is Arabic for "Forbidden" and "Unlawful". ( Hallal = permitted).
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FOOD
A. Forbidden Foods According to the Qur'an:

1. Alcohol or liquor Alcoholic drinks "confuse the mind and lead one astray". 1. Pork - In the Qur'an (and in the Old Testament of the Bible) there is a story that God cast (threw) the devil into a pig. Therefore, pork and any pork products (some types of gelatin, and lard) and even leather goods from the pig are forbidden to Muslims. This is also true of Jewish traditions. [NOTE: The disease of trichinosis is caused by worms that live in pigs and can be passed on to humans who eat unclean pork. This restriction was very important to people's health.] 1. Carnivorous (meat eating) animals and birds, e.g. lions, tigers, vultures, eagles, etc. are forbidden. 1. Other animals are also excluded: donkeys, monkeys, elephants.
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FOOD
5. Any animal that has died due to natural causes, killed by some wild animal, by a fall or blow are also forbidden. Of course there are good health reason for not eating animals that may be sick or diseased. Flesh that had been sacrificed for some God or Goddess by pagans was also forbidden. Blood is forbidden. Drugs are also forbidden (except as medical drugs).

1. 1.

NEVER
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FOOD
B. Ways to Slaughter Animals In addition, there are also ways to slaughter an animal according to Islamic rules. Otherwise their meat will be considered "haram". Generally, the animal must have its throat slit by a sharp knife and die quickly with little pain. This is done with a prayer of thanks to God. Slaughtering rules are humane (kind-hearted) and don't allow the animal to suffer.

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Arab Food
BEFORE
Originally Arab food was the food of the desert nomads. Therefore it was simple and portable. Nomads stopped in oases and in settled farming areas to get some of their food, such as flour for bread, fruits and vegetables, and spices. They brought animals with them to provide meat and milk. ( They cooked over campfires )

AFTER
During the early Middle Ages, Islamic empires spread from the Atlantic Ocean to India. The World of Islam (Dar al-Islam) would continue to expand to other areas of the world in later centuries. An exchange of foods from these vast territories was possible. And most Muslims now dwelt (lived) in villages, towns, and large cities. No longer was "Arab" food only that of the desert nomads. ( Now they use ovens )

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Foods of the Desert Nomads

Nomadic tribes could use only foods that could be carried with them, such as rice and dates, or animals that could travel, like goats, sheep, and camels. As the caravans journeyed throughout the Middle East, new seasonings and vegetables were discovered and added to the existing diets. Below are some of the foods eaten by the Arab nomads during the Middle Ages.
Flat bread (Pita bread) Dates

Flat Bread was made along the caravan routes and in the nomads' camps. It is made from wheat flour, water, and a little salt. The dough can be flattened and shaped by hand like a tortilla and put on a flat pan over a fire.

Dates are one of the most important foods of the Middle East. These fruits come from the date palm tree which grows in the hottest deserts near oases.
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Sheep and Goats

Beans and Grains

Cheese and Yogurt

Sheep were the most important source of milk and meat for the nomads. Lamb is perhaps the most popular meat in Arabic cuisine (style of cooking). Goats were also raised for meat and milk.

The nomads traded for these beans and grains to add to their diet. Chickpeas (also called garbanzo beans), faba beans, and lentils were dried and carried on the nomads' trips.

Feta Cheese is made from goat milk. The nomads also got milk from camels and made "camel" cheese. Yogurt is also made from milk. It originated (first started) with the Turkish and Mongol peoples.

Foods of the Desert Nomads

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Foods of the Desert Nomads Dried Fruits, Nuts, and Olives Camel Meat and Milk

Dried Fruits (such as raisins from grapes, dried apricots, figs, etc.) and nuts were brought on trips. Olives were also eaten.

The nomads also ate camel meat and drank camel milk.

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Drinks: Arabic Coffee was discovered about 400 B.C., probably in Ethiopia and spread rapidly to the Arabian peninsula. Coffee has a mild stimulant (a light drug-like "buzz") and is enjoyed in Arab lands. Offering a cup of coffee to a guest is part of Middle Eastern hospitality.

Other Foods from Arab Lands

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Arab Customs about Eating and Etiquette

Arab Customs include: Eat with your right hand: When eating with Arabs, especially when taking food from communal dishes, the left hand must never be used, it is considered unclean. And take food only from the nearest dishes. When served a beverage, accept with the RIGHT HAND ONLY! When eating, drinking, offering, or passing use right hand only! Always offer snack foods to visitors and accept what is offered to you as a guest, but only after modestly refusing the first offer. It is assumed that guests will accept at least a small quantity of drink (Tea usually or sometimes Arabic Coffee) offered as an expression of friendship or esteem. It is considered rude to decline the offer of drink.
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Religion
The Quran, Zaboor, Torah and The Bible are the four (4) holy books. Islam: The Qur'an. Most of the Arabs are Muslims , and this religion affects the culture of the Arab , so its important to know about this religion. ( Islam )

ISLAM
Islam. means submission', or specifically, submission to the Allahs will and obedience to His law. One God. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion. God is Allah. Allah is immortal, omniscient, omnipresent, and genderless. Islam is the final word of God. Although Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam and worships the same God as Islam, Islam claims to be more refined than them in that it built upon both. Muhammad is Gods Prophet. Muhammad is not to be worshiped but is to be respected and revered. Muhammads life and teachings provide the examples of how one is to live his life.

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ISLAM
MUSLIMS : Followers of Islam are called Muslims. There are 1.3 billion Muslims worldwide. Muslims are not to be confused with Arabs. Muslims may be Arabs, Turks, Persians, Indians, Pakistanis, Malaysians, Indonesians, Europeans, Africans, Americans, Chinese, or other nationalities.

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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS

QURAN: Islamic Holy Book, given by Allah to the Prophet Mohammad. SHARIA: Islamic Law. QADI: Judge of the Sharia Islamic law. SUNNI and SHIA: Two main branches of Islam. FATWAH: A legal pronouncement in Islam usually issued at the request of a judge or individual to settle a question when Islamic law is unclear on the subject. MUFTI: A Islamic law scholar who is an interpreter of Islamic Law (Sharia) and capable of issuing a fatwah. KHALIFA: Political leader chosen by elders.
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COMMON ISLAMIC TERMS

MULLAH: Local religious leader/clergy (minister). SHEIK: Leader of a family/village/tribe or mosque. MADRASSAH: A school. Normally secular with some integrated Islamic subjects, sometimes purely Islam oriented. MOSQUE: Muslim place of worship similar to a church or temple. IMAM: Community religious leader/clergy (bishop). In some contexts, Imam merely refers to the prayer leader. MUEZZIN: Person who calls faithful to prayer.

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ARABIC CALENDAR/HOLIDAYS Islamic calendar is based on the lunar calendar or cycle, consisting of
twelve months of 29 or 30 days each, totaling 353 or 354 days. Each new month begins at the sighting of a new moon. Actual dates may differ from dates provided. The holy day of the Muslims is FRIDAY. It is considered to be sacred and the Day of Judgment will take place on Friday. In the Friday sermon the Imam (prayer leader) gives the sermon (Khutba) and leads prayer. Ashura Prophet Mohammads Birthday Ramadan Layla tul-Quar Eid al-Fitr Hajj Arafah Day Eid al-Adha Islamic New Year
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith SALAH Prayer ZAKAH Alms SAWM Fasting HAJJ Pilgrimage

SHAHADAH - Declaration of Faith This declaration of faith is called the Shahadah. The significance of this declaration is the belief that the only purpose of life is to serve and obey God, and this is achieved through the teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad.
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ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH

SALAH Prayer
It means = CALL TO PRAYER TIMES Salah is the name for the obligatory prayers that are performed Five times a day, and are a direct link between the worshipper and God. There is a proper way to wash before prayer. These are ritualistic washings which symbolize purification.

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ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH

ZAKAH Alms An important principle of Islam is that everything belongs to God, and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust. The word Zakah means purification. Possessions are purified by setting aside a proportion for those in need and for the society in general.

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ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH SAWM Fasting

Every year in the month of Ramadan, all Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset . Abstaining from food, drink, and sexual relations with their spouses. There are some Muslims who are not required to fast. They are: pregnant women, nursing mothers, travelers, young children and others are excluded from the fast. However Muslims can eat and drink during the nighttime hours till before the morning prayer time (Azan AlFajer ), then the fasting starts, until the sunset with the coming of the evening prayer time ( Azan Al-Maghrib ). One of the Important feast days for Muslims is (Eid Al-Fitr ) following the long fast of Ramadan.
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ISLAMS FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH HAJJ Pilgrimage

The Fifth and Final Pillar is the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Macca required of every Muslim. if feasible) at least once in his or her life time. The Hajj takes place annually during the first 10 days of the ( Dhu al-Hijja ), the twelfth month of the Islamic year. During the Hajj, pilgrims must be in a state of (ihram) (consecration or blessing). Men typically wear two pieces of white unstitched cloth covering the waist and legs, the other around the shoulders covering the upper body. The Hajj culminates, on the second festival day for Muslims know as Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice), which is celebrated by Muslims around the world with prayer, and exchange of gifts. Eid Al-Adha is a four day celebration when Muslims from all over the world offer a sacrifice by slaughtering a sheep, cow, or goat following the traditional Islamic customs .
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